Multi-matrix distribution and contamination profiles of HBCDD isomers in a man-made saltwater lake near industrial complexes with high flame retardant consumption in Korea

Abstract

South Korea is one of the largest consumers of flame-retardants worldwide. In this study, water, sediment, and biota samples were collected from a highly industrialized lake to investigate contamination, isomeric profiles, source, and the bioaccumulation potential of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs). Almost all of the sediments were severely contaminated by HBCDDs, which were some of the highest global levels compared to those found in previous studies. The highest concentrations and similar profiles to those of technical mixtures of HBCDDs were observed in creeks passing through industrial complexes, indicating on-going contamination by high consumption of HBCDDs from industrial activities. gamma-HBCDD was dominant in water and sediment, whereas alpha-HBCDD was dominant in fish and shellfish. The diastereoisomeric profiles of HBCDDs in multiple matrices were influenced by proximity to industry and chemical properties. In-situ biota-sediment accumulation factors of alpha-HBCDDs were ˃ 1 in benthic species, implying that HBCDDs are of great concern in sedimentary environments.