國內 휠체어를 사용하는 障碍人을 위한 住居環境 改善에 관한 建築計劃的 硏究

Abstract

디자인의 기준과 지침은 각 나라의 사회 및 문화적 특성과 사용자의 요구가 반영되어야만 안전하고 편리하게 환경을 이용할 수 있다. 또한 인간의 신체적 특징은 신체적 기능에 따라 다양성을 지닌다. 이러한 다양성이 선천적인 것에 기인할 수 있으나, 노화, 일시적인 병이나 사고 등에 의해 발생할 수 있다. 그러나 환경이 이러한 인간의 다양성을 수용하지 못한다면 생활의 질을 떨어뜨리게 되며, 결국은 환경으로 인한 장애를 겪게 된다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 장애인 건축기준에 있어서 가장 기초가 되는 휠체어 사용자의 인간공학적 연구가 진행되지 않았기 때문에 이를 기초로 하는 주거 건축기준 역시 미흡하다. 본 연구는 인간공학적 측면에서 국내 휠체어 사용자의 주거 환경 개선을 위한 기초적 연구로서, 휠체어 사용자의 주생활 행위를 관찰하여 동작특성을 파악하고, 가상의 인체측정을 통한 동작치수를 설정하여 국내 휠체어 사용자에 적합한 주거환경 개선방향을 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 국내의 휠체어 사용자 동작치수는 일본과 유사하였으며, 일본 치수 자체도 타당성이 부족한 것으로 분석되었다. 그리고 KS 휠체어 규격이 국내 휠체어 사용자에 어느 정도 적합한 치수로 분석되었으므로 연구의 결과는 특히 가동역의 치수가 신뢰성 있는 치수로 분석되었다. 둘째, 상세표준도에서 제시하는 동작치수는 간단한 것이므로, 눈높이, 무릎 및 발 유효공간, 360도 회전공간, 통로 유효폭, 전면 및 측면 접근에 있어서 전체 도달범위가 추가되어야 함을 알 수 있었다. 셋째, 국내 주생활 양식에 있어서는 주출입층의 단위공간 배치, 현관, 복도 및 통로, 화장실, 거실 및 식당, 세탁실, 단차(level)가 국외와 다른 점으로 분석되었다. 넷째, 국내 장애인 주거 건축기준인 상세표준도와 고령자 배려 주거시설 설계치수 원칙 및 기준은 접근성의 기초적 특징인 접근 경로와 적응성 특징이 반영되어 있지 않으므로 본 연구의 결과를 받아들이는 것이 바람직할 것이다.; The standard and the guidelines of the design shall reflect the social and cultural characteristics of each country, as well as the requirements of the user, for a safe and convenient use. Moreover, the physical characteristics of the human beings have diversity in accordance with the physical functions. Such diversity may be due to the inherent factors, but perhaps, it could also be due to aging, temporary disease or accidents, etc. However, if the environment cannot accommodate such diversity of human beings, then it would lower the quality of life and consequently cause disabilities because of environment. Nevertheless, since there has not been a study from an ergonomic perspective on the wheelchair users, which forms the most fundamental part of the criteria for the disabled in design of buildings, the architectural standard of housings, which base on the former, are also unsatisfactory. Therefore, this study is to observe the major living activities of the wheelchair users to understand the motion characteristics, and to present the direction in improving the residental environment appropriate for the wheelchair users in Korea by establishing the activity measurement through virtual anthropometries. This study is consisted of six chapters in whole, and the outline of each chapter is as follows: The background, the purpose, the direction and the outline of the study is explained under chapter 1. As a result of investigating into the trend of researches and the standard of establishing the criteria for the housing design for the disabled, both in and out of Korea, the establishment of the architectural standard for the housing in consideration of the disabled in Korea is in its early stage, and this was to be originated from the functional anthropometries of the wheelchair users. Moreover, the fundamental design concept of the housing for the disabled is a theory of accessibility, and an additional element of adaptability shall also be reflected in order to pursue a sustainable housing plans. On the other hand, in chapter 2, a research method was established in consideration of the basic theories of the research. First, an investigation was carried out on the method to observe the characteristics of the motions within the residental space through a re-interpretation of the user-centered designs, and on the method to anthropometry through a digital human modeling tool was. Secondly, by classifying the characteristics of the housing of the wheelchair users in accordance with the characteristics of the major living, the accessibility and the adaptability, a research method for this study was set up. The chapter 3 established, on the other hand, the criteria for the motion dimensions of the wheelchair users. Through observation and investigation, the common living activities of the wheelchair users were classified, and necessary criteria for the motion dimension was set up for each activity. In chapter 4, the motion dimensions of the wheelchair users were established. In accordance with the criteria for the motion dimensions, set up under the aforementioned chapter 3, a anthropometries using a digital human modeling tool was carried out, and an analysis on the result of the experiment was used to present the motion dimensions of the wheelchair users in Korea. The characteristics of the living of the wheelchair users were analysed under chapter 5. First, based on the analysed activity measures, the criteria for housing designs were classified pursuant to the approachable passage, the unit space for living, the element of composition and the facility element, etc., and was compared to the architectural standards of Korea. Secondly, based on the evaluation criteria of the major characteristics of living, the accessibility and the adaptability, an analysis was made on the cases to clarify the characteristics of the living of the wheelchair users in Korea. In chapter 6, the result of the research was described, along with a discussion over the tasks for future research. The analysis on the research results was summed up to present the guidelines for the planning of residential space for the wheelchair users, and a check list was made with an exhibition of blueprint examples. The result of the study may be summarized as follows: First of all, although the activity measure of the wheelchair users in Korea was similar to that of Japan, the value for Japan was still insufficient in its reasonability. Moreover, since the KS standard for the wheelchair was analysed as somehow an appropriate the range of moving for the wheelchair users of Korea, the result of the research was analysed as a value of reliability. Secondly, since the activity measure suggested by the detailed norm is a rather simple one, such elements as the eye level, knee and toe clearance, 360 degree turning space, passage clearance, total forward and sideward reach range are to be added. Thirdly, regarding the living style of Korea, a major differences was noted in such elements as the allocation of unit space in the main entrance/exit floor, entrance/exit, corridor and passageway, bathroom, living room and dining room, laundry room, and level, in comparison to that of other countries. Lastly, since the principles and the standard, for the detailed norm, which is the standard norm for the housing construction for the disabled in Korea, and for the designing of the housing facilities for the aged, do not reflect the elements of accessible routes and adaptable features, the result of this study may well be applied in such standards.