서울 종로구 관철동 삼일로 빌딩의 건립배경과 건축특징에 관한 연구

Abstract

1970년대 전후 우리나라는 자주국방, 자립경제의 터전을 마련하기 위해 투철한 역사의식과 시대적 사명감을 지니고 조국근대화 작업을 성공적으로 완수하는데 역점을 두었다. 제1, 2차 경제개발정책에 의한 수출증대와 공업화가 이루어지는 가운데 지속적인 고도성장과 급격한 도시화가 일어났으며 바로 그 격변의 중심에 서울이 자리 잡고 있었다. 이는 수도권을 중심으로 건축물량의 공급 부족 현상을 야기하였으며 상대적으로 건설업계가 활기를 띠게 됐지만 이를 뒷받침해 줄 관련 법령과 제도적 장치가 미비한 상태였다. 당시 한국건축은 정치, 경제적인 영향으로 인해 크게 두 가지 양상으로 나타났는데 하나는 경제적·물질적인 현실을 중시하는 건축과 다른 하나는 민족 정통성 확립을 위해 전통을 중시하는 건축이 함께 등장하였다. (1)경제적·물질적인 현실을 중시하는 건축 조국근대화와 경제성장을 상징하는 고층 건축물 (2)민족 정통성 확립을 위해 전통을 중시하는 건축 권위와 위엄을 상징하는 관료적 성격을 띤 공공의 기념비적 건축물 본 연구의 목적은 ‘조국근대화’와 ‘민족중흥’의 기치 아래 경제성장을 지고의 목표로 삼았던 제3공화국 시절, 박정희 대통령이 추진한 조국근대화의 상징물 중에 하나인 삼일로 빌딩을 대상으로 이 건축물의 건립배경과 건축특징을 통하여 당시 건축이 가지는 사회적 의미와 역할을 살펴보는데 그 의의가 있다고 하겠다. 본 연구에 있어서 삼일로 빌딩과 관련된 건립당시의 사료가 부족한 관계로 기존에 발표된 문헌자료나 관계자와의 인터뷰, 신문기사 등 주로 의존할 수밖에 없었고 건축물을 해석하는데 있어 그 근거를 소상하게 제시하지 못한 점은 본 연구의 한계이기도 하였다. 본 연구자는 삼일로 빌딩의 건립배경과 건축특성에 대한 자료조사와 분석과정을 거쳐 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다.

(1)건립배경 박정희 대통령이 추진한 국토공간정책 아래 서울 관철동 지역이 성장거점지구로 선정되고, 이 지역의 집중 투자 개발로 인해 경제효과를 보게 되면서 재벌들의 부동산 투자와 함께 건축 붐이 일기 시작하였다. 당시 정부와 재벌 간의 명시적 협력관계가 형성되어 있었기 때문에 정부의 공업화정책에 동참한 기업은 모든 지원과 혜택이 주어졌다. 이 과정에서 삼미사 대표 김두식 회장의 의지와 함께 삼일로 빌딩이 건립되었다. 그 결과 민간 개발이 활성화되면서 점차 상업건축을 포함한 민간건축이 등장하기 시작하였다. 이러한 삼일로 빌딩의 건립배경을 통해 당시의 건축이 가지는 사회적 의미와 역할에 대해 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 고층건물은 자본주의 사회에서 경제적 권력을 상징하므로 건물의 외관이나 규모와 같이 직접적이고 즉물적인 방식을 통해 기업의 자본과 규모를 과시하기 위한 선전도구로 이용되었다. 둘째, 조국근대화의 가시적인 성과를 보여주기에 충분한 일종의 전시행정의 산물로서 간주되었으며 이는 정치적인 과시를 목적으로 정권연장을 위한 전시효과 및 대선을 위한 선전도구로 이용되었다. 셋째, 규모에 기인하는 기념비적 성격뿐만 아니라 근대적 형태로 인해서 당시 개발도상국의 열등의식을 감소시켜 주는 역할을 하였다.

(2)건축특징 삼일로 빌딩은 박스형태의 전형적인 국제양식으로서 기능에 따른 주종공간의 명확한 구분, 돌·유리의 매스에 의한 강한대비, 철·유리의 커튼월, I형강의 수직 멀리온 장식, 15개의 균일한 기둥 간격으로 유니버셜 스페이스의 형성, 독립코어의 형태 등 기능주의적 합목적성을 중시한 건축물이었다. 삼일로 빌딩의 구조와 시공특징은 강성골조형식의 철골구조를 기반으로 철근콘크리트와 철골부재의 상호작용으로 인한 최적의 구조거동을 얻기 위해 철골과 철근콘크리트구조 방식을 도입했으며 구체는 건식공법, 기초는 우물통 공법, 슬래브는 덱크 플레이트 공법, 보는 벌집형 공법, 사무소벽체는 금속 커튼월 공법, 코어벽체는 슬립 폼 공법 등 이 모든 재료와 공법은 어느 선진국 건물에 못지않은 훌륭한 것들이었다. 이러한 삼일로 빌딩의 건축특징을 통해 당시의 건축이 가지는 사회적 의미와 역할에 대해 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 건축철학, 구축재료, 구조 및 시공기술 등의 모든 면에서 공기의 단축과 비용을 절감했을 뿐만 아니라 혁명정신을 표방하는 건물의 명칭처럼 국내의 건축기술을 진일보시키는 계기를 마련하였다. 둘째, 우리나라 현대건축의 전개과정에서 규모와 기술 모두 획기적인 것이었으며 국내에 몇 개의 고층건물이 들어서는 에포크(Epoch)로 작용, 해외에서는 대규모 건축공사를 수주할 수 있는 나라로 지목되는 기반을 마련하였다. |Around 1970's, Korean government focused on successful completion of national modernization projects with historical awareness to the bone and a sense of mission with a view to establish a good foundation for independent national defense and self-supporting economy. There are ongoing high economic growth and rapid urbanization phenomenon appearing in parallel with growing export and industrialization under the 1st and 2nd Economic Development Plan driven by Korean government. And Seoul was situated at the center of such an upheaval. That is why there were a series of problems with short supply of architectural construction around metropolitan area including Seoul, and there was a poor foundation of relevant statutes and institutional instruments to complement such a short supply, although domestic construction industry faced relatively brisk market conditions in Korea. Those days, Korean architectural world showed two major aspects under the influence of domestic politics and economy: One had a tendency toward architecture focusing on economic and material realities, while the other had a tendency toward architecture focusing on tradition with a view to establish the original national identity of Korea. (1)Architecture Focusing on Economic and Material Realities High-rise architectural buildings as a symbolism of national modernization and economic growth (2)Architecture Focusing on Tradition to Establish the Original National Identity of Korea Public memorial architectural buildings as a symbolism of authority and dignity in bureaucratic nature The purpose of this study is to cover Samilro Building, one of symbolic landmarks for national modernization driven by former President Park Chung-hee during the period of the Third Republic that set its ultimate national goal to economic growth under the motto of ‘national modernization’ and ‘national revival’, so that it can discuss the construction backgrounds and architectural characteristics of said architectural building to examine social meaning and roles of architectures during that period. It is inevitable that this study relied primarily on conventional literatures or interviews and newspapers due to lack of original articles or architectural drawings relevant to Samilro Building. Besides, this study also had a limitation in another sense that it failed to give further presentation of possible grounds for analysis of an architectural building. Based on survey and analysis of data about construction background and architectural characteristics of Samilro Building, this study could deduce the social meaning and roles of architectures and come to the following conclusions:

(1)Construction Background Gwancheol-dong, a neighborhood of Seoul metropolitan city, was selected as an urban growth center under the National Space Policy promoted by President Park Chung-hee, and intensive investment and development of this neighborhood created economic effects, while there was a growing architectural boom with big business parties' investment into real estate. Those days, government had express partnerships with big business parties called ‘Chaebeol’, and all business entities that participated in governmental industrialization policies could enjoy corresponding supports and benefits from government. In this context, Chairman Kim Du-sik, the representative of Sammisa Corp. announced his ambitious plan to build up his personal office building, which ended up in complete construction of Samilro Building. As a result, private architectural construction including commercial architecture began to emerge side by side owing to more activated private development than before. Based on the background about the construction of Samilro Building, this study could come to the following conclusions on the possible social meaning and roles of architecture in those days: First, high-rise buildings was and is a symbolism of economic power in capitalistic society, so it was used as a means of propaganda for business entity to show off its capital and business scale through firsthand and practical ways like appearance or scale of building. Secondly, high-rise buildings like Samilro Building were considered urban architecture enough to demonstrate visible achievements of national modernization, and were considered a sort of product from exhibition administration as well. Indeed, they were often used for political show-off to create a sort of demonstration effect for longer regime and were used as a means of propaganda for presidential election. Thirdly, high-rise buildings had a nature of memorial based on architectural scale, and were characterized by their modern form, so that they could play a major role in relieving Koreans from a complex of Korea as developing country inferior to advanced countries.

(2)Architectural Characteristics Samilro Building was originally designed in a typical box-like form of international architectural building popularized in the end of 1960's. It was an architectural building focusing on functionalistic fitness to desired purpose, which was well demonstrated by clear-cut functional separation of served space from servant space, strong contrast of stone and glass by their mass, curtain wall made of iron and glass, vertical mullion decoration of I-section steel, universal spaces formed with 15 pillars set at uniform distance, and a form of independent core. According to analysis on structural and constructive characteristics of Samilro Building, it was found that this building was structurally based upon introduction of steel frame and reinforced concrete structures in order to create optimal structural behaviors caused by the interactions of reinforced concrete with steel frame members on the structural foundation of steel framework in form of rigid frame. Moreover, it was found that all materials and methods used for this building were second to none in comparison with those of buildings in advanced countries during the period, such as Dry construction method (for building frame), Well foundation method (for foundation), Deck plate method (for slab), Honeycomb method (for beam), metal Curtain wall method (for wall of office building) and Slip form method (for core wall). Based on these architectural characteristics of Samilro Building, this study could come to the following conclusions on the possible social meaning and roles of architecture in those days: First, contemporary high-rise buildings including Samilro Building demonstrated shorter construction period and less cost of construction in all aspects such as architectural philosophy, construction material, structure and construction technology, and also played a major role as vanguard of advanced architectural development, because they gave opportunities for domestic architectural technologies to take a leap forward, as revealed in revolutionary spirit implied in Samilro. Secondly, Samilro Building was No. 1 contemporary historic landmark of Korean architectural world among others, and it worked literally as an epoch to bring about a series of high-rise buildings in Korea. Moreover, it also opened up such a good opportunity that Korea was nominated as a country with its national capacity to carry out huge-scale architectural construction projects by overseas countries.; Around 1970's, Korean government focused on successful completion of national modernization projects with historical awareness to the bone and a sense of mission with a view to establish a good foundation for independent national defense and self-supporting economy. There are ongoing high economic growth and rapid urbanization phenomenon appearing in parallel with growing export and industrialization under the 1st and 2nd Economic Development Plan driven by Korean government. And Seoul was situated at the center of such an upheaval. That is why there were a series of problems with short supply of architectural construction around metropolitan area including Seoul, and there was a poor foundation of relevant statutes and institutional instruments to complement such a short supply, although domestic construction industry faced relatively brisk market conditions in Korea. Those days, Korean architectural world showed two major aspects under the influence of domestic politics and economy: One had a tendency toward architecture focusing on economic and material realities, while the other had a tendency toward architecture focusing on tradition with a view to establish the original national identity of Korea. (1)Architecture Focusing on Economic and Material Realities High-rise architectural buildings as a symbolism of national modernization and economic growth (2)Architecture Focusing on Tradition to Establish the Original National Identity of Korea Public memorial architectural buildings as a symbolism of authority and dignity in bureaucratic nature The purpose of this study is to cover Samilro Building, one of symbolic landmarks for national modernization driven by former President Park Chung-hee during the period of the Third Republic that set its ultimate national goal to economic growth under the motto of ‘national modernization’ and ‘national revival’, so that it can discuss the construction backgrounds and architectural characteristics of said architectural building to examine social meaning and roles of architectures during that period. It is inevitable that this study relied primarily on conventional literatures or interviews and newspapers due to lack of original articles or architectural drawings relevant to Samilro Building. Besides, this study also had a limitation in another sense that it failed to give further presentation of possible grounds for analysis of an architectural building. Based on survey and analysis of data about construction background and architectural characteristics of Samilro Building, this study could deduce the social meaning and roles of architectures and come to the following conclusions:

(1)Construction Background Gwancheol-dong, a neighborhood of Seoul metropolitan city, was selected as an urban growth center under the National Space Policy promoted by President Park Chung-hee, and intensive investment and development of this neighborhood created economic effects, while there was a growing architectural boom with big business parties' investment into real estate. Those days, government had express partnerships with big business parties called ‘Chaebeol’, and all business entities that participated in governmental industrialization policies could enjoy corresponding supports and benefits from government. In this context, Chairman Kim Du-sik, the representative of Sammisa Corp. announced his ambitious plan to build up his personal office building, which ended up in complete construction of Samilro Building. As a result, private architectural construction including commercial architecture began to emerge side by side owing to more activated private development than before. Based on the background about the construction of Samilro Building, this study could come to the following conclusions on the possible social meaning and roles of architecture in those days: First, high-rise buildings was and is a symbolism of economic power in capitalistic society, so it was used as a means of propaganda for business entity to show off its capital and business scale through firsthand and practical ways like appearance or scale of building. Secondly, high-rise buildings like Samilro Building were considered urban architecture enough to demonstrate visible achievements of national modernization, and were considered a sort of product from exhibition administration as well. Indeed, they were often used for political show-off to create a sort of demonstration effect for longer regime and were used as a means of propaganda for presidential election. Thirdly, high-rise buildings had a nature of memorial based on architectural scale, and were characterized by their modern form, so that they could play a major role in relieving Koreans from a complex of Korea as developing country inferior to advanced countries.

(2)Architectural Characteristics Samilro Building was originally designed in a typical box-like form of international architectural building popularized in the end of 1960's. It was an architectural building focusing on functionalistic fitness to desired purpose, which was well demonstrated by clear-cut functional separation of served space from servant space, strong contrast of stone and glass by their mass, curtain wall made of iron and glass, vertical mullion decoration of I-section steel, universal spaces formed with 15 pillars set at uniform distance, and a form of independent core. According to analysis on structural and constructive characteristics of Samilro Building, it was found that this building was structurally based upon introduction of steel frame and reinforced concrete structures in order to create optimal structural behaviors caused by the interactions of reinforced concrete with steel frame members on the structural foundation of steel framework in form of rigid frame. Moreover, it was found that all materials and methods used for this building were second to none in comparison with those of buildings in advanced countries during the period, such as Dry construction method (for building frame), Well foundation method (for foundation), Deck plate method (for slab), Honeycomb method (for beam), metal Curtain wall method (for wall of office building) and Slip form method (for core wall). Based on these architectural characteristics of Samilro Building, this study could come to the following conclusions on the possible social meaning and roles of architecture in those days: First, contemporary high-rise buildings including Samilro Building demonstrated shorter construction period and less cost of construction in all aspects such as architectural philosophy, construction material, structure and construction technology, and also played a major role as vanguard of advanced architectural development, because they gave opportunities for domestic architectural technologies to take a leap forward, as revealed in revolutionary spirit implied in Samilro. Secondly, Samilro Building was No. 1 contemporary historic landmark of Korean architectural world among others, and it worked literally as an epoch to bring about a series of high-rise buildings in Korea. Moreover, it also opened up such a good opportunity that Korea was nominated as a country with its national capacity to carry out huge-scale architectural construction projects by overseas countries.