二聖山成 出土 新羅土器 硏究

Abstract

경기도 하남시에 위치한 이성산성(二聖山城)은 통일신라시기 한강유역의 정치 ․ 경제 ․ 문화적 중심지로 삼국시대 중요한 산성으로 일찍부터 주목을 받아왔다. 기존 이성산성에 대한 연구들은 축조세력 및 시기에 대한 검토가 대부분이며, 이중 초축세력을 둘러싼 연구 시각 중 잘못된 토기 분석으로 인하여 이성산성의 축조세력을 백제 또는 고구려로 보는 견해도 존재하였다. 본 연구는 이성산성 11차 동안 출토된 토기에 대한 속성 분석과 형식분류를 시행하고, 이를 바탕으로 이성산성 출토 신라토기의 변천과정을 살펴보았다. 이성산성의 토기 변천 단계는 한강유역 신라산성의 역사적 특징에 따른 변화 양상과 연계하여 총 3단계로 구분 가능하며, Ⅰ단계는 신라가 한강유역에 처음 진출하는 시기로 6세기 중엽부터 7세기 초에 해당한다. 이 시기 이성 산성은 신라의 한강유역 진출과 관련하여 6세기 중엽에 초축되어 7세기 중엽 2차 개축이 이루어지기 이전에 해당하는 시기이다. 이 단계의 주요 유구는 1차 저수지 및 C지구 1․ 2호 장방형 건물지, 1차 성벽이 이에 해당한다. 이 시기의 이성산성 신라토기는 투공이 된 유개고배 ․ 무개고배, 반구형 동체의 卜자형 개, 외반구연 완이 주요 기종으로 사용된다. 이 단계 고배는 점차 단각화되고 무투공화 되며 1단계에서 고배, 卜자형 개는 점차 소멸하고, 대부완 및 入자형 개로 대체되며 2단계 이후에는 완전히 소멸하게 된다. 이시기 인화문이 도입되기 이전단계인 그린문양이 확인되며, 1차 저수지에서 수적형문이 시문된 대부완이 출토되었다. 1차 저수지 출토 무진년(戊辰年-608년)명 목간을 볼 때 7세기 초반 인화문이 도입되기 시작되는 것으로 보인다. Ⅱ단계에 들어서 한강유역 신라산성은 대당전투에 대비하여 대대적인 개축이 시작되며, 이성산성은 한강유역의 군사적인 방어기능과 더불어 행정치소로서 기능을 하게 된다. 2차 저수지, 2차 성벽, 다각형 건물지 등 개축이 발생하게 되며, 군사적인 성격에서 행정치소의 성격으로 변화하며 건물지 및 출토유물 양상도 변화하게 된다. 이 단계 토기의 특징은 본격적인 인화문의 유행이다. 2단계에서는 점차 소멸하는 고배 및 반구형 개 기종을 대체하여 대부완과 凸자형개가 주로 사용되기 시작한다. 인화문은 초기에는 구연부 하단 일부 구간에 단일 연속문이나 점열문 등이 시문되다가 토기 전면에 종열점열문 등이 연속 시문되거나 다변화문이나 마제형문 등의 문양과 점열문이 복합 시문되는 형태로 등장한다. 완의 경우 급격히 외반하고 낮은 기고의 기형에서 점차 약하게 외반하는 형태로 변화하게 된다. Ⅲ단계는 8세기중엽부터 10세기 초까지이며, 이 단계에 들어서면 인화문이 쇠퇴하고 다양한 기형의 병․ 호류가 등장하게 된다. 대부완은 인화문이 소멸되며 S자형으로 외반하는 기형으로 변화하고, 개는 안턱이 점차 소멸하는 형태로 기형이 변화하게 된다. 9세기 표지 유물인 줄무늬병 ․ 덧띠무늬병 ․ 편구병 ․ 편병 등 다양한 병이 유행하는데, 대부완과 개의 경우 이시기 인화문 소멸하였지만 병에서는 인화문이 화려하게 시문된 사례들이 확인됨에 따라 인화문의 소멸은 기종에 따라 그 시기적 차가 이루어졌음을 확인할 수 있다. 한강유역 일대는 8세기 말부터는 중앙의 통제력 약화와 잦은 자연재해로 혼란에 빠지게 되며, 곳곳의 반란으로 9세기 후반에도 혼란은 지속되게 된다. 이성산성은 9세기 중엽쯤 그 기능을 잃기 시작하였으며, 10세기 초 더 이상 사용되지 않았을 것으로 추정한다.

| ISeong Fortress(二聖山成), which is located in Hanam-si Gyeonggi-do, has come into the spotlight from early times, because it has been regarded as one of the important fortresses in the Three Kingdom period and a political, economic, cultural center of the Han River basin in the unified Shilla(新羅) period. The existing studies of ISeong Fortress have focused mainly on when and who built the fortress. Among these studies, due to wrong analysis of some earthen pottery, there was a view that Baekje(百濟) or Goguryeo(高句麗) constructed it. Therefore this research analyze properties and divides into classes of the earthen pottery excavated from ISeong Fortress for the eleventh time. Based on this analysis and classification, I explore transition process of the shilla period’s earthen pottery found on ISeong Fortress. The transition process of the earthen pottery of ISeong Fortress can be classified into three stages according to historical features of the Shilla period’s fortresses in the Han River basin. The first stage is the time when Sila occupied the Han River basin for the first time corresponding to from the middle of the 6thcentury to the beginning of the 7th century. At that time, ISeong Fortress was built in the middle of the 6th century related to Shilla’s extending the Han River basin and rebuilt in the middle of 7th century. At that time, main excavation sites of ISeong Fortress included the first reservoir, the first and second rectangle-building site in the C district, and the first castle wall. At that time, it was mainly used as the Shilla period’s earthen pottery of ISeong Fortress that consist of which have legs with decorative holes the mounted dishes with lids(有蓋高杯) and the mounted dishes without lids(無蓋高杯), the half-spherical bodies with 卜-shape lids(蓋), evaginated-bowls(盌 ). In this time, the length of the body of the mounted dish(高杯) became longer and the legs of the mounted dishes got shoter and the legs with decorative holes vanished. Especially, in the first stage, mountain dishes(高杯) and 卜-shape lids(蓋) gradually disappeared and were replaced with mounted bowls(臺附盌 ) and 入-shape lids(蓋). Finally, they completely vanished after the second stage. Also, drawing-decoration was found, which means the stage before stamped decoration pattern(印花文) was introduced. In addition, waterdrop-decoration pattern(水滴形文) was engraved on mounted bowls(臺附盌 ) excavated from the first reservoir. Based on Mujin-year(戊辰年-608) engrave on wooden letter found on the first reservoir, it can be estimated that the stamped decoration pattern(印花文) was introduced at the beginning of the 7thcentury. In the second stage, in preparation for wars against Dang(唐) Dynasty, the Shilla period’s fortresses in the Han River basin started to be rebuilt extensively, and then ISeong Fortress became having not only military function but also administrative function. Moreover, the second reservoir, the second castle wall, the polygonal-building site and so on were reconstructed in this time. According to the change from military purpose to administrative purpose, the features of building site and relics also changed. The characteristic of this time is general popularity of the stamped decoration pattern(印花文). In this stage, mounted bowls(臺附盌 ) and 凸-shape lid(蓋) began to be generally used instead of mounted dishes(高杯) and half-spherical lids(蓋) disappearing gradually. At the beginning, the stamped decoration pattern(印花文) carve such as dot line patterns(點列文) in the some lower part of mouth rim, and later carve has lenghth serial patterns(縱長連續文) in front of earthen pottery, or complex carve a horse hoof serial pattern(馬蹄形文), a circle pattern(圓弧文). Bowls(盌 ) changed from sudden evaginated mouth rim and low height to less-evaginated mouth rim. In the third stage, from the middle of the 8th century to the beginning of the 10th century, the stamped decoration pattern(印花文) disappeared but various shapes of bottles and jars appeared. Mounted bowls(臺附盌 ) changed from the disappeared stamped decoration pattern(印花文) and changed S-shape, and lids(蓋) turned to shape which removed inside rim gradually. In the 9th century, cover relics various bottles became popular. In addition, the stamped decoration pattern(印花文) was removed in mounted(臺附盌 ) bowls and lids, but instead bottles hadthe luxury stamped decoration pattern(印花文), which implies that there was some difference in time when the stamped decoration pattern (印花文) disappeared according to the types of relics. From the end of the 8th century, the Han River basin fell into disorder due to the out of central contro and frequent natural disasters. Moreover, rebellions broke out in several places and, as a result, the confusion continued until the end of 9th century. For these reasons, it is estimated that ISeong Fortress started to lose the function in the middle of the 9th century, and then it was not used any more from the beginning of the 10th century.; ISeong Fortress(二聖山成), which is located in Hanam-si Gyeonggi-do, has come into the spotlight from early times, because it has been regarded as one of the important fortresses in the Three Kingdom period and a political, economic, cultural center of the Han River basin in the unified Shilla(新羅) period. The existing studies of ISeong Fortress have focused mainly on when and who built the fortress. Among these studies, due to wrong analysis of some earthen pottery, there was a view that Baekje(百濟) or Goguryeo(高句麗) constructed it. Therefore this research analyze properties and divides into classes of the earthen pottery excavated from ISeong Fortress for the eleventh time. Based on this analysis and classification, I explore transition process of the shilla period’s earthen pottery found on ISeong Fortress. The transition process of the earthen pottery of ISeong Fortress can be classified into three stages according to historical features of the Shilla period’s fortresses in the Han River basin. The first stage is the time when Sila occupied the Han River basin for the first time corresponding to from the middle of the 6thcentury to the beginning of the 7th century. At that time, ISeong Fortress was built in the middle of the 6th century related to Shilla’s extending the Han River basin and rebuilt in the middle of 7th century. At that time, main excavation sites of ISeong Fortress included the first reservoir, the first and second rectangle-building site in the C district, and the first castle wall. At that time, it was mainly used as the Shilla period’s earthen pottery of ISeong Fortress that consist of which have legs with decorative holes the mounted dishes with lids(有蓋高杯) and the mounted dishes without lids(無蓋高杯), the half-spherical bodies with 卜-shape lids(蓋), evaginated-bowls(&#30412