아웃도어 레크리에이션 환경에서 날씨스트레스 평가가 캠핑참여자의 대처행동에 미치는 영향

Abstract

본 연구는 최근 기후변화로 인해 아웃도어 레크리에이션 환경에서 날씨자원과 관련된 수요자 반응에 대한 연구가 매우 중요함에도 불구하고 이에 대한 이론적인 접근이 부족하다는 문제점에서 출발하였다. 본 연구는 스트레스 이론을 적용하여 아웃도어 레크리에이션 참여자의 날씨스트레스 평가와 대처행동, 만족도간의 영향관계를 규명하고자 하였다. 또한, 날씨스트레스 평가와 만족도간의 관계에서 대처행동의 매개효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 날씨스트레스 평가를 독립변수로, 대처행동을 매개변수로, 만족도를 종속변수로 설정한 연구모형을 제시하였다. 가설은 날씨스트레스 평가의 구성요인이 4개 유형의 대처행동(합리화, 계획적 해결노력, 도움추구, 회피)에 미치는 영향에 관한 가설 1∼4를, 대처행동이 만족도에 미치는 영향에 관한 가설 5∼8을, 대처행동의 매개효과에 관한 가설 9를 설정하였다. 본 연구는 스트레스 이론을 날씨를 대상으로 적용하였으며, 기존 선행연구에서 적용하고 있는 스트레스 평가의 구성요인을 날씨를 대상으로 적용하기 위해 심층인터뷰, 전문가조사, 사전조사의 과정을 거쳤다. 심층인터뷰 결과 문헌고찰을 통해 1차적으로 도출된 스트레스 평가의 구성요인인 손실위협평가, 자기자원평가, 타인자원평가 외에 아웃도어 레크리에이션 및 날씨의 특성이 반영된 ‘시설자원평가’ 요인을 추가하여 연구모형에 포함하였으며, 전문가조사 및 사전조사를 거쳐 측정문항을 수정보완 하였다. 설문조사는 캠핑참여자를 대상으로 현장설문을 실시하였으며, 총 338부의 자료가 본 연구의 최종적인 분석 자료로 이용되었다. 가설검증결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 날씨스트레스 평가의 구성요인이 각각의 대처행동에 미치는 영향에 대한 가설 1∼4의 검증결과를 종합해 보면 날씨스트레스 평가의 구성요인이 각각의 대처행동을 예측하는데 서로 다른 기능을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 합리화의 경우에는 손실 및 위협을 낮게 평가할수록, 자기자원과 시설자원을 높게 평가할수록 높아지는 것으로 나타났으며, 계획적 해결노력의 경우에는 손실 및 위협과 자기자원을 크게 평가할수록 더 크게 나타났다. 도움추구의 경우에는 손실위협, 타인자원, 시설자원을 높게 평가할수록, 반대로 자기자원은 낮게 평가할수록 높아지는 것으로 나타났으며, 마지막으로 손실 및 위협을 크게 평가할수록 역외회피, 역내회피, 활동회피가 증가하며, 자기자원을 낮게 평가할수록 역내회피, 활동회피를 하며, 시설자원을 높게 평가할수록 역내회피 하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과 중에서도 손실위협평가가 합리화와 회피에 미치는 영향은 기존 아웃도어 레크리에이션 분야의 선행연구에서 제시되고 있는 계층적인 대처 모델(Hierarchy of coping model)에 부합되는 결과이며, 기존 아웃도어 레크리에이션 분야의 선행연구들이 다루어 오지 않았던 자기자원평가, 타인자원평가, 시설자원평가는 대처행동 예측에 있어서 서로 다른 역할을 하는 것으로 보고된 타 분야의 선행연구 결과와 일치한다. 둘째, 대처행동이 만족도에 미치는 영향관계에 대한 가설 5∼8의 검증 결과, 합리화와 계획적 해결노력이 만족도에 정의 영향을, 역외회피는 부의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 합리화와 계획적 해결노력이 부정적인 날씨로 인한 스트레스에도 만족도를 높게 유지시켜줄 수 있는데 중요한 기능을 하고 있다는 것을 의미한다. 특히 합리화가 계획적 해결노력보다 만족도 향상에 더 크게 기여하고 있는 대처행동 유형으로 나타났는데, 날씨와 같이 인간의 통제력을 벗어나는 상황에서는 문제중심적 대처보다 정서중심적 대처가 보다 적응적인 결과를 가져온다는 선행연구의 주장에 부합하는 결과로 해석할 수 있다. 한편, 역외회피와 만족도간의 부의 영향관계는 회피는 개인을 스트레스적인 상황에서 즉각적으로 해방시켜 줄 수는 있지만, 결과적으로 아웃도어 레크리에이션 경험이 좌절되고 실패했다는 부정적인 감정을 증가시킬 수 있기 때문인 것으로 해석된다. 셋째, 날씨스트레스와 만족도 간의 관계에서 대처의 매개효과에 관한 가설 9를 검증한 결과, 합리화, 도움추구, 역외회피는 손실위협평가와 만족도, 자기자원평가와 만족도간의 관계에서 매개역할을 하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 아웃도어 레크리에이션 분야에서 주장되어 오던 스트레스와 만족도간의 관계에서 대처의 매개역할에 대해 실증적으로 검증한 결과이다. 본 연구의 이론적 시사점을 제시하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 연구모형 분석 결과, 날씨조건이 스트레스 평가와 대처행동을 통해 최종적으로 경험의 만족도에 미치는 영향력을 이론적으로 확인하였다는데 가장 큰 의의가 있다. 둘째, 상호작용 관점의 스트레스 이론을 적용하여 날씨스트레스 평가의 다차원적인 구성요인을 도출하였으며, 심층인터뷰를 통해 아웃도어 레크리에이션과 날씨의 특성이 반영된 시설자원평가 요인을 추가하여 스트레스 이론을 확장하는데 기여하였다. 셋째, 본 연구의 응답자들은 날씨스트레스 평가로 인해 합리화와 같은 인지적 대처전략과, 계획적 해결노력, 회피와 같은 행동적 대처전략, 그리고 도움추구와 같은 사회적지지 추구 대처전략을 적용하는 것으로 나타나, 아웃도어 레크리에이션 참여자들이 날씨로 인해 다양한 대처 메카니즘을 적용한다고 제시한 선행연구의 주장을 실증적으로 증명하였다. 특히, 대처행동의 매개역할에 대해 증명하여, 기존 아웃도어 레크리에이션 연구들이 주장한 스트레스 평가와 만족도 간의 관계에서 대처의 개입가능성에 대해 실증적으로 검증한 결과로서 그 의미가 중요하다. 실무적 시사점은 다음과 같다. 본 연구결과 날씨가 스트레스를 줄 수 있는 상황에서도 합리화와 계획적 해결노력과 같은 대처행동은 만족도를 높이는 것으로 분석되었으므로, 캠핑장 관리자들은 합리화와 계획적 해결노력이 유발될 수 있도록 하는 전략을 수립하여 만족도를 높게 유지할 수 있다. 반면, 역외회피의 경우에는 만족도에 부의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 역외회피를 방지할 수 있는 전략이 수립되어야 함을 의미한다. | This study started from the problem that although researches on consumers’ response to weather in the outdoor recreation settings are important due to recent climate changes, there are few related theoretical approaches. The purpose of this study was to specify the influential relationships between weather stress appraisal, coping behaviors, and satisfaction of outdoor recreation participants by applying the stress theory, and to grasp the mediating effect of coping behaviors in the relationship between weather stress appraisal and satisfaction. This study suggested a research model setting weather stress appraisal as an independent variable, coping behaviors as a mediating variable, and satisfaction as a dependent variable. Hypothesis 1~4 were set up regarding the effect of component factors of weather stress appraisal on four types of coping behaviors (rationalization, planned effort for resolution, help-seeking, displacement), hypothesis 5~8 regarding the effect of coping behaviors on satisfaction, and hypothesis 9 regarding the mediating effect of coping behaviors. This study applied the stress theory to weather, and in order to apply component factors of stress appraisal used in preceding researches to weather, in-depth interview, expert investigation, and pre-test were performed. Component factors of stress appraisal, that is, loss and threat appraisal, owned resource appraisal, and other’s resource appraisal were primarily drawn through literature review, and as a result of in-depth interview, ‘facility resource appraisal’ reflecting the characteristics of outdoor recreation and weather was also included in a research model. And then, survey items were revised and complemented through expert investigation and pre-test. A site survey was performed targeting camping participants, and totally 338 questionnaires were used for the analysis of this study. The results of hypothesis verification are as below. First, as a result of verifying hypothesis 1~4 regarding the effect of component factors of weather stress appraisal on each coping behavior, it turned out that component factors of weather stress appraisal function differently in predicting each coping behavior. In other words, it could be found that rationalization gets higher as loss and threat is appraised low or owned resource and facility resource are appraised highly, and planned effort for resolution gets higher as loss/threat and owned resource are appraised highly. And it turned out that help-seeking gets higher as loss/threat, other’s resource, and facility resource are appraised highly or owned resource is appraised low. And lastly, it could be found that off-shore displacement, on-shore displacement, and activity displacement get higher as loss/threat is appraised highly, on-shore displacement and activity displacement get higher as owned resource is appraised low, and on-shore displacement gets higher as facility resource is appraised highly. Of these study results, the effect of loss and threat appraisal on rationalization and displacement corresponds to the Hierarchy of Coping Model suggested by preceding researches related to the existing outdoor recreation field, and the result that owned resource appraisal, other’s resource appraisal, and facility resource appraisal play different roles in predicting coping behaviors corresponds to those of preceding researches in other fields. Second, as a result of verifying hypothesis 5~8 regarding the effect of coping behaviors on satisfaction, it turned out that rationalization and planned effort for resolution have a positive (+) effect on satisfaction, and off-shore displacement has a negative (-) effect on satisfaction. This result indicates that rationalization and planned effort for resolution play a great role in maintaining satisfaction at a high level in spite of stress due to poor weather. Especially, it could be found that rationalization contributes to improving satisfaction more than planned effort for resolution, which corresponds to the result of preceding researches that, in the uncontrollable condition like weather, emotion-focused coping brings about more adaptable results than problem-focused coping. Besides, the negative (-) relationship between off-shore displacement and satisfaction could be interpreted that although displacement can enable one to instantly escape from stressful situations, it may increase a negative emotion that the individual eventually failed in experiencing outdoor recreation. Third, as a result of verifying hypothesis 9 regarding the mediating effect of coping behaviors on the relationship between weather stress appraisal and satisfaction, it turned out that rationalization, help-seeking, and off-shore displacement play a mediating role in the relationship between loss and threat appraisal and satisfaction, and the relationship between owned resource appraisal and satisfaction. This is a result of empirically verifying the mediating effect of coping behaviors on the relationship between weather stress appraisal and satisfaction that has been contended in the outdoor recreation field. Theoretical implications can be suggested as below. First, the greatest meaning of this study is that it theoretically determined the influence of the weather condition on satisfaction through stress appraisal and coping behaviors. Second, it drew multi-dimensional component factors of weather stress appraisal by applying the transactional stress theory, and contributed to expanding the stress theory by adding the facility resource appraisal factor reflecting characteristics of outdoor recreation and weather through in-depth interview. Third, the respondents, due to weather stress appraisal, turned out to use cognitive coping strategies such as rationalization, behavioral coping strategies such as planned effort for resolution and displacement, and social support seeking strategies such as help-seeking, and thus, this study empirically proved the contention of preceding researches that outdoor recreation participants use various coping mechanisms due to weather. Especially, it proved the mediating role of coping behaviors, empirically verifying the possibility of intervention of coping behaviors in the relationship between stress appraisal and satisfaction, which had been contended in existing outdoor recreation researches. In addition, practical implications are as below. Because it could be found that even under stressful weathers, coping behaviors such as rationalization and planned effort for resolution can increase satisfaction, camping ground managers may be able to maintain satisfaction high by establishing strategies to induce rationalization and planned effort for resolution. On the other hand, because it turned out that off-shore displacement has a negative (-) effect on satisfaction, strategies that can prevent off-shore displacement should be established.; This study started from the problem that although researches on consumers’ response to weather in the outdoor recreation settings are important due to recent climate changes, there are few related theoretical approaches. The purpose of this study was to specify the influential relationships between weather stress appraisal, coping behaviors, and satisfaction of outdoor recreation participants by applying the stress theory, and to grasp the mediating effect of coping behaviors in the relationship between weather stress appraisal and satisfaction. This study suggested a research model setting weather stress appraisal as an independent variable, coping behaviors as a mediating variable, and satisfaction as a dependent variable. Hypothesis 1~4 were set up regarding the effect of component factors of weather stress appraisal on four types of coping behaviors (rationalization, planned effort for resolution, help-seeking, displacement), hypothesis 5~8 regarding the effect of coping behaviors on satisfaction, and hypothesis 9 regarding the mediating effect of coping behaviors. This study applied the stress theory to weather, and in order to apply component factors of stress appraisal used in preceding researches to weather, in-depth interview, expert investigation, and pre-test were performed. Component factors of stress appraisal, that is, loss and threat appraisal, owned resource appraisal, and other’s resource appraisal were primarily drawn through literature review, and as a result of in-depth interview, ‘facility resource appraisal’ reflecting the characteristics of outdoor recreation and weather was also included in a research model. And then, survey items were revised and complemented through expert investigation and pre-test. A site survey was performed targeting camping participants, and totally 338 questionnaires were used for the analysis of this study. The results of hypothesis verification are as below. First, as a result of verifying hypothesis 1~4 regarding the effect of component factors of weather stress appraisal on each coping behavior, it turned out that component factors of weather stress appraisal function differently in predicting each coping behavior. In other words, it could be found that rationalization gets higher as loss and threat is appraised low or owned resource and facility resource are appraised highly, and planned effort for resolution gets higher as loss/threat and owned resource are appraised highly. And it turned out that help-seeking gets higher as loss/threat, other’s resource, and facility resource are appraised highly or owned resource is appraised low. And lastly, it could be found that off-shore displacement, on-shore displacement, and activity displacement get higher as loss/threat is appraised highly, on-shore displacement and activity displacement get higher as owned resource is appraised low, and on-shore displacement gets higher as facility resource is appraised highly. Of these study results, the effect of loss and threat appraisal on rationalization and displacement corresponds to the Hierarchy of Coping Model suggested by preceding researches related to the existing outdoor recreation field, and the result that owned resource appraisal, other’s resource appraisal, and facility resource appraisal play different roles in predicting coping behaviors corresponds to those of preceding researches in other fields. Second, as a result of verifying hypothesis 5~8 regarding the effect of coping behaviors on satisfaction, it turned out that rationalization and planned effort for resolution have a positive (+) effect on satisfaction, and off-shore displacement has a negative (-) effect on satisfaction. This result indicates that rationalization and planned effort for resolution play a great role in maintaining satisfaction at a high level in spite of stress due to poor weather. Especially, it could be found that rationalization contributes to improving satisfaction more than planned effort for resolution, which corresponds to the result of preceding researches that, in the uncontrollable condition like weather, emotion-focused coping brings about more adaptable results than problem-focused coping. Besides, the negative (-) relationship between off-shore displacement and satisfaction could be interpreted that although displacement can enable one to instantly escape from stressful situations, it may increase a negative emotion that the individual eventually failed in experiencing outdoor recreation. Third, as a result of verifying hypothesis 9 regarding the mediating effect of coping behaviors on the relationship between weather stress appraisal and satisfaction, it turned out that rationalization, help-seeking, and off-shore displacement play a mediating role in the relationship between loss and threat appraisal and satisfaction, and the relationship between owned resource appraisal and satisfaction. This is a result of empirically verifying the mediating effect of coping behaviors on the relationship between weather stress appraisal and satisfaction that has been contended in the outdoor recreation field. Theoretical implications can be suggested as below. First, the greatest meaning of this study is that it theoretically determined the influence of the weather condition on satisfaction through stress appraisal and coping behaviors. Second, it drew multi-dimensional component factors of weather stress appraisal by applying the transactional stress theory, and contributed to expanding the stress theory by adding the facility resource appraisal factor reflecting characteristics of outdoor recreation and weather through in-depth interview. Third, the respondents, due to weather stress appraisal, turned out to use cognitive coping strategies such as rationalization, behavioral coping strategies such as planned effort for resolution and displacement, and social support seeking strategies such as help-seeking, and thus, this study empirically proved the contention of preceding researches that outdoor recreation participants use various coping mechanisms due to weather. Especially, it proved the mediating role of coping behaviors, empirically verifying the possibility of intervention of coping behaviors in the relationship between stress appraisal and satisfaction, which had been contended in existing outdoor recreation researches. In addition, practical implications are as below. Because it could be found that even under stressful weathers, coping behaviors such as rationalization and planned effort for resolution can increase satisfaction, camping ground managers may be able to maintain satisfaction high by establishing strategies to induce rationalization and planned effort for resolution. On the other hand, because it turned out that off-shore displacement has a negative (-) effect on satisfaction, strategies that can prevent off-shore displacement should be established.