Determination of urinary metabolites of XLR-11 by liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry
- Title
- Determination of urinary metabolites of XLR-11 by liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry
- Author
- 유혜현
- Keywords
- Synthetic cannabinoid; XLR-11; UR-144; Urinary metabolites; Liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry; CANNABINOID RECEPTOR-ACTIVITY; ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY; SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS; PYROLYSIS PRODUCT; AM-2201; KETONES; UR-144
- Issue Date
- 2016-01
- Publisher
- SPRINGER HEIDELBERG
- Citation
- ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, v. 408, No. 2, Page. 503-516
- Abstract
- Recently, use of novel synthetic cannabinoids has increased greatly despite worldwide efforts to regulate these drugs. XLR-11 ((1-[5'-fluoropentyl]indol-3-yl)-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone), a fluorinated synthetic cannabinoid with a tetramethylcyclopropyl moiety, has been frequently abused since 2012. XLR-11 produces a number of metabolites in common with its non-fluorinated parent analogue, UR-144 ((1-pentylindol-3-yl)-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone). Therefore, it is essential to develop effective urinary markers to distinguish between these drugs. In this study, we investigated the metabolic profile of authentic human urine specimens from suspected users of XLR-11 using liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Furthermore, we quantified four potential XLR-11 metabolites by using commercially available reference standards. In vitro metabolism of XLR-11 and UR-144 using human liver microsomes was also investigated to compare patterns of production of hydroxypentyl metabolites. Urine samples were prepared with and without enzymatic hydrolysis, and subjected to solid-phase extraction. We identified 19 metabolites generated by oxidative defluorination, hydroxylation, carboxylation, dehydrogenation, glucuronidation, and combinations of these reactions. Among the identified metabolites, 12 were generated from a cyclopropyl ring-opened XLR-11 degradation product formed during smoking. The XLR-11 metabolite with a hydroxylated 2,4-dimethylpent-1-ene moiety was detected in most specimens after hydrolysis and could be utilized as a specific marker for XLR-11 intake. Quantitative results showed that the concentration ratio of 5- and 4-hydroxypentyl metabolites should also be considered as a useful marker for differentiating between the abuse of XLR-11 and UR-144.
- URI
- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00216-015-9116-1http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11754/48694
- ISSN
- 1618-2642; 1618-2650
- DOI
- 10.1007/s00216-015-9116-1
- Appears in Collections:
- COLLEGE OF PHARMACY[E](약학대학) > ETC
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