다나카 기이치(田中義一)의 정치적 변신과 군민일치론 : ‘조슈벌(長州閥)의 총아(寵兒)’에서 ‘육군 내 개혁자’로

Abstract

This article is a research on Tanaka Giichi's civil-military cooperation doctrine (Gunmin Ittchiron) as the principal factor that caused his political transformation after the First World War. After Russo-Japanese War, Tanaka emphasized whether each nation had supported their own army or not decided the victory and defeat, and urged cooperation between army and nation to prepare for greater war in the future. Particularly, he focused on veterans as bridges between army and nation and asked them to be model citizens. And he regarded Germany as a model of his doctrine. After returning from a tour of inspection of European countries and United States, Tanaka proposed his doctrine more aggressively. He appealed directly to the nation by vigorous speeches and writings. And he made contact surface between army and nation much broader by appealing to youth, untrained reservists and female. Moreover, he secured understanding and support to his doctrine from Japanese Imperial Household. As the First World War had started and became total war, he felt the necessity of cooperation between army and nation more seriously. However, rice riots(Kome Sodo) and the revolution and defeat of Germany fundamentally shook the relationship which Tanaka had built. The riots arose at the time which cooperation between army and nation is most required, that is, in wartime. Many of veterans and youths, who had been expected to be model citizens, participated in the riots, and even collisions between army and them occurred in some places. And Germany, the model of his doctrine, lost the war by revolution like Russia. In these crisis, he became war minister and placed a high priority on restoration of relationship between army and nation, in cooperation with Hara Takashi's party cabinet.