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해방 이후의 전원(電源)개발구상과 전력산업 개편

Title
해방 이후의 전원(電源)개발구상과 전력산업 개편
Other Titles
The ideas for electric power development and the reorganisation of electric power industry in the post-liberation period
Author
정대훈
Alternative Author(s)
Daehoon Jeong
Advisor(s)
박찬승
Issue Date
2022. 2
Publisher
한양대학교
Degree
Doctor
Abstract
This thesis examines the historical process of the Korean electric power industry in the post-liberation period, focusing on the differences in views between Korea and the United States regarding electric power development, and describes the changes and the character of the Korean electric power industry since the mid to late 1950s. South Korea's modern power system, which was created during the colonial period, was originally a mechanism for transmitting electric power produced in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula to the southern part. This structure was maintained without any problems for a while after liberation, but it faced a crisis as political tensions over the Korean Peninsula increased. In the end, on May 14, 1948, the North took issue with the payment for electricity and discontinued its transmission of electric power, which resulted in the South suffering from severe power shortages. At that time, the total capacity of the power generation facilities south of the 38th parallel was at a level that could supply sufficient electric power. However, it was difficult to restart thermal power plants whose operation was reduced or suspended at the end of the colonial period, and due to the turmoil immediately after liberation, they could not be sufficiently supplied with fuel for power generation. Due to these circumstances, it was not possible to maintain a sufficient power supply. Initially, the US military government had thought that the possibility of power transmission interruption from the North side was low, and that even if there were blackouts, they were optimistic that the damage would not be significant. For this reason, the US military government was not actively preparing for the interruption and was reluctant to negotiate with the North. However, the damage caused by the interruption was much greater than thought, and the US military government urgently took measures such as dispatching the Power Mission to investigate the power situation in the South Korea. The basic position of the US military government on South Korea's power shortage was that the capacity of power generation facilities was already sufficient, so improving the operational efficiency of existing facilities could sufficiently overcome the power shortage. However, the position of the South Korean government was different. South Korea’s ideas for electric power development, which was proposed around 1949 when the severance between the North-South power systems was made official, focused on the construction of new power generation facilities. Then, the experience of restoring the war damage of power generation facilities was accumulated and the North-Han river(북한강)’s water system was secured, so South Korea's electric power development ideas became more strongly oriented towards hydroelectric power generation. South Korea's electric power development plan, which was formed through this process, was embodied in the 1953 Electric Power Development Three-Year Plan(전원개발3개년계획). However, the Three-Year plan was not supported by the US aid authorities. It was difficult for South Korea's electric power development plan, which required a huge amount of capital, to be accepted because the US aid authorities were focused on controlling inflation after the Korean War. As a result, the only power generation facilities built in the 1950s were three thermal power plants. Through the technical training program provided with the construction of the thermal power plants, South Korea's orientation towards hydroelectric power generation was also significantly diluted. In addition, as a result of the operation of the thermal power plants, it was confirmed that the economic efficiency of the thermal power plants had significantly improved compared to the past. As a result, South Korea's electric power development initiative could not overcome its disagreement with the US. The changes in US foreign aid policy to South Korea that appeared in the mid to late 1950s provided an important opportunity for the Korean electric power industry. As the aid provided in grant form decreased while the aid provided through loans increased, the need to establish a comprehensive economic development plan grew, along with the need to develop new power sources. In addition, the status of the Combined Economic Board(합동경제위원회, CEB) was renewed as an organization for examining economic development plans. The CEB succeeded in controlling inflation through its Financial Stabilization Program(재정안정계획), which made it possible to invest in capital goods in South Korea. As a result, the CEB actively examined the validity of various development plans. In this context, the electric power development plan was also reviewed in the mid to late 1950s. At that time, the content of the electric power development plans considered by the CEB were largely inherited from the development plans previously proposed by South Korea. The same content was kept in the Democratic Party administration after April 19 revolution and the Military administration after the coup. On the other hand, the discourse which had developed in the 1950s on the reorganisation of the electric power industry also changed during this period. South Korea's first constitution stipulated that key industries would be operated and owned by the state. However, the US was concerned that these provisions had a socialist character. In addition, it was pointed out that the bureaucratic and reckless management peculiar to state-owned enterprises was the cause of the poor management of state-owned enterprises that became a problem in the 1950s. This led to discussions on the revision of the nationalization clause of the constitution, and there was public opinion that the electric power industry should be reorganised accordingly. As a result, until the mid-1950s, the discourse on the reorganisation of the electric power industry was influenced by the idea of privatization, which meant that electric power companies had to be sold to private capital. However, it was not possible for an electric power company to be sold to private capital in the situation where the structural causes of poor management had not been resolved. Additionally, with the change in aid policy, the development of new power sources was being promoted, and it was necessary for electric power companies to have a sufficient scale. For this reason, the different sides of the discourse on the reorganisation of the electric power industry had to be converged, moving towards the integration of the three main electric power companies while maintaining the state-owned system, while at the same time leaving the possibility for private capital to enter the electric power industry. As a result, the Korea Electric Power Corporation(한국전력, KEPCO) was established by integrating the three electric power companies. Additionally, many companies obtained electric power business licenses in the 1960s. Many were small scale companies and some businesses were owned by local governments. They operated in rural areas where KEPCO’s power grid had not been constructed. Some other companies had proposed plans to build relatively large-scale power plants by introducing loans from foreign countries, but they did not achieve practical results due to a lack of capital mobilization capacity. In the end, all but a few of these operators were absorbed by KEPCO by the mid-1960s. At least until the mid-1960s, the state-owned system for the electric power industry was firmly maintained.| 이 논문은 해방 이후 한국 전력산업의 역사적 전개과정을 전원개발구상을 둘러싼 한미 간의 견해 차이를 중심으로 살펴보고, 1950년대 중후반 이후 일련의 상황이 초래한 한국 전력산업의 변화와 이후 한국 전력산업의 성격을 살펴본다. 식민지시기에 만들어진 한국의 근대 전력체계는 한반도 북부에서 생산한 전력을 남부로 송전하여 사용하는 구조였다. 이러한 구조는 해방 이후에도 한동안 문제없이 유지되었으나 한반도를 둘러싼 정치적 긴장이 고조되면서 위기를 맞았다. 결국 전력대금 지불을 문제 삼은 북측이 1948년 5월 14일 일방적으로 송전(送電)을 중단하자 남측은 극심한 전력난에 시달리게 되었다. 당시 38선 이남 발전시설의 전체 시설용량은 평소의 전력량을 충분히 공급할 수 있는 수준이었다. 하지만 식민지기 말기에 가동이 축소 혹은 중단되었던 화력발전소를 재가동하기 어려웠고, 해방 직후의 혼란 때문에 발전용 연료로 충분히 공급할 수 없었다. 이러한 사정들이 겹쳐 38선 이남은 충분한 전력을 확보할 수 없었다. 애초 미군정은 북측의 송전 중단 가능성을 낮게 보았고 단전을 한다 하더라도 그 피해는 크지 않을 것이라고 낙관했다. 이 때문에 미군정은 단전에 적극적으로 대비하지 않았고 북측과의 협상에도 소극적이었다. 하지만 단전의 피해가 예상보다 훨씬 커지면서 미국은 전력사절단을 파견하여 한국의 전력상황을 면밀히 조사하는 등 대책 마련을 서둘렀다. 한국의 전력난에 대한 미군정의 기본적인 입장은 38선 이남 발전시설의 시설용량이 이미 충분하기 때문에 기존 시설의 운영 효율을 개선하는 것으로도 전력난을 충분히 극복할 수 있다는 것이었다. 하지만 한국 정부의 생각은 달랐다. 남북의 전력체계 단절이 공식화된 1949년경부터 제안된 한국 정부의 전원개발구상은 신규 발전시설의 확충에 주안점을 두었다. 그리고 한국전쟁기 발전시설을 복구한 경험이 축적되고 새롭게 북한강 수계가 확보되면서 한국 정부의 전원개발구상은 수력발전을 더 강하게 지향하게 되었다. 이러한 과정을 거쳐 형성된 한국 정부의 전원개발구상은 1953년 전원개발3개년계획으로 구체화되었다. 하지만 전원개발3개년계획은 미 원조당국의 지지를 얻지 못했다. 미 원조당국은 한국전쟁 이후 인플레이션 억제에 정책의 주안점을 두었기 때문에 막대한 자본이 소요되는 한국의 전원개발계획이 수용되기는 어려웠다. 이에 따라 1950년대에 건설된 발전시설은 마산과 삼척, 당인리에 건설된 도합 10만 킬로와트 규모의 화력발전소뿐이었다. 그리고 화력발전소 건설과 함께 제공된 기술연수프로그램을 통해 수력발전에 대한 한국의 지향도 상당 부분 희석되었다. 또한 화력발전소의 운영 결과 화력발전소의 경제성이 과거에 비해 크게 개선되었다는 점도 확인되었다. 결과적으로 한국의 전원개발구상은 미국과의 견해 차이를 극복하지 못했다. 1950년대 중후반에 나타난 미국의 대한(對韓)원조정책 변화는 한국의 전력산업에 있어서 중요한 계기가 되었다. 무상원조가 감소하고 유상차관의 비중이 늘어나면서 종합적인 경제개발계획 수립의 필요성이 커졌고 이에 따라 새로운 전원(電源)을 개발할 필요성도 커졌다. 또한 경제개발계획을 검토하기 위한 기관으로 합동경제위원회의 위상이 새삼 높아졌다. 합동경제위원회는 재정안정계획을 통해 인플레이션 억제에 성공하였고 그 결과 한국에 대한 자본재 투자가 가능해졌다. 이에 따라 합동경제위원회는 각종 개발계획의 타당성을 적극적으로 검토하였다. 이러한 맥락에서 1950년대 중후반부터 전원개발계획이 본격적으로 재검토되었다. 이 때 합동경제위원회가 검토한 대부분의 전원개발계획은 앞서 한국 정부가 제안했던 전원개발구상의 내용을 거의 그대로 이어받은 것이었다. 그리고 이 내용은 다시 민주당 정권과 쿠데타 이후 군부정권에서도 이어졌다. 한편 1950년대에 전개된 전력산업 개편론 역시 이 시기에 변화를 맞았다. 한국의 제헌헌법은 주요 기간산업을 국영으로 운영한다고 규정하였다. 하지만 미국은 이러한 규정이 사회주의적 성격을 가지고 있다고 우려하였다. 또한 1950년대에 문제가 된 국영기업체 경영 부실의 원인으로 국영기업체 특유의 관료주의적이고 방만한 경영이 지적되었다. 이에 따라 헌법의 국유화 조항에 대한 개정 논의가 일어났고, 전력산업 역시 이에 따라 개편되어야 한다는 목소리가 높아졌다. 그 결과 1950년대 중반까지 전력산업 개편론은 전력사업체를 민간자본에게 불하하는 ‘민영화론’에 따라 전개되었다. 하지만 경영 부실의 구조적인 원인이 해결되지 않은 상황에서 전력사업체를 인수할 수 있는 민간자본이 등장하기는 어려웠다. 그리고 원조정책의 변화에 따라 신규 전원의 개발이 추진되는 상황에서 전력사업체가 충분한 규모를 갖출 필요도 있었다. 이 때문에 전력산업 개편론은 국영 체제를 유지하면서 전력 3사를 통합하고 민간자본이 전력산업에 진출할 수 있는 여지는 남겨두는 쪽으로 가닥을 잡았다. 그 결과 1960년대에 다수의 사업자가 전력사업 허가를 취득하였다. 이들 사업자는 대부분 소규모 업체 혹은 지방자치단체로 한국전력의 배전망이 미치지 못한 산간도서지역을 영업구역으로 하였다. 화일산업 등 일부 업체는 해외로부터 차관을 도입하여 비교적 대규모의 발전소를 건설할 계획을 제안하였으나 자기자본의 동원능력이 부족했던 탓에 실질적인 성과를 거두지는 못했다. 결국 이들 사업자는 극히 일부를 제외하면 1960년대 중반까지 한국전력에 모두 흡수되었다. 적어도 1960년대 중반까지 전력산업에 대한 국영체제는 확고하게 유지되었던 것이다.
URI
http://hanyang.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000593633https://repository.hanyang.ac.kr/handle/20.500.11754/168197
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GRADUATE SCHOOL[S](대학원) > HISTORY(사학과) > Theses (Ph.D.)
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