地圖를 통해 본 邑城의 空間配置와 風水的 特性 分析

Abstract

Wind, water, and land as objects of feng shui and principles as reason are the basic elements for human life. The subtle differences of these elements and their close correlation with humans have been materialized in terms of the ideas and principles of feng shui geography through long experience. Feng shui has been deeply entrenched in people's perceptions, and its utility has been sought through a variety of subjects, ranging from the selection of capital sites to the construction of towns and palaces and houses. During the Joseon Dynasty, Eupseong was an important asset that safely protected the people of the land and people from outside aggression, determined the abundance of goods and the wealth of the country, and was responsible for the administrative and military functions. This study examined the location and spatial arrangement principles for Nagan-eupseong, Gochang-eupseong, and Mujang-eupseong, feng shui analysis of location, spatial composition of eupseong and various feng shui characteristics. Feng Shui factors and characteristics that played an important role in the composition of the site environment of this traditional township were presented as a phenomenon, interpreted and applied. It focused on improving the objectivity, reliability and accuracy of research through tools such as field surveys, literature reviews, and old maps. In the Joseon Dynasty, when the eupseong was installed, it was found that traditionally, it relied on a thorough feng shui system of thinking to find and place a long road. The view of the location of the eupseong was to find the location of the land using feng shui while harmonizing with the natural environment, and to build a fortress and place the buildings. Through field investigations and maps, we will examine how the empirical scientific logic system of feng shui, Ganryong-method(Ryong), Jeonghyeol- method(Hyeol), Jangpung-method(Sa), Deuksu-method(Water), and Jwahyangron -method(Direction) was applied to the township as follows. First, Jin-mountain played the role of a central axis when selecting a location for a eupseong or arranging a building space. In addition, Jin mountain was selected directly from the central government and recorded and managed in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty. Second, the most important government buildings in the eupseong were placed in the hyeol location, which is one of the important goals in feng shui, and the direction the townspeople wanted and demanded was presented through the placed government buildings. Third, the shooting maintains a sense of stability as the overall state of the eupseong is in harmony and balance while taking all the mountains and rocks such as Chungryong, Baegho, Jujak, and Hyeonmu around the eupseong and hyeol. Fourth, the water system of the eupseong is flowing with the elements of mountain and water combined with each other to achieve harmony and balance, and most of the eupseong is flowing around the eupseong as geumseong-water, which symbolizes wealth. Fifth, direction preferred An-mountain in the form of geumseong-body in Mugok-star as a way to obtain the vitality of the universe by all towns and villages. Bibo is based on the principle of complementarity between nature and humans, and strengthens the effect overcoming fault by supplementing the weak areas of the eupseong. In particular, in order to bibo the flaws of hyeol, the zelkova tree is treasured in the direction of the Palyo- Hwangcheonsal and the Palosaro-Hwangcheonsal, respectively. Next, we compared and analyzed how the spatial composition of eupseong and the feng shui characteristics that applied feng shui principles were used for eupseong. First, the principle of Jwamyousa, which is the basic principle of 『Jurye』 and 「Gogong-gi」, was ideally accepted for the eupseong, and the 3 rooms (12 places) followed the natural topography, but the castle gates were reduced to 2~3 places. Second, the eupseong was thoroughly equipped with military defense facilities as an important means of protecting the residents. In order to increase the defensive power of the fortress itself, as well as the fortress body, diversity was pursued in the construction of safety nets such as gates, ongseong, yeojang, chiseong, and moat to suit the topographical characteristics of the eupseong. Third, the geography of feng shui applied to the construction of the spatial composition of the eupseong maintained the attitude of ideally utilizing and accommodating the logic of feng shui. ⓵ Eupseong was built with a landscape of feng shui suitable for the mountain in the back and a river in the front. Regardless of the size and direction of the eupseong, the eupseong was equipped with a feng shui recognition system called low in front and high in back through Jin-mountain, Ju-mountain and Hyeonmu-peak. Most of the water system flowing in front of the eupseong circles around the eupseong with Geumseong-water. ⓶ It is in line with the validity and justification of the main ryong penetrating the center of the eupseong and the hyeol. Nagan-Eupseong is penetrated by the main ryong of Mt. Geumjeon to jigryong-ibsu. Gochang-eupseong is penetrated by the main ryong of Mt. Bangjang to hoengryong-ibsu. Mujang-eupseong is penetrated by the main ryong of Mt. Guhwang to jigryong-ibsu. ⓷ A major official in eupseong was installed in hyeol location and clearly given the meaning of direction. Nagan-eupseong put emphasis on Dongheon, who performs public duties in hyeol location, and Gochang-eupseong, pursued affection for children and future-oriented growth, placed a Naea in hyeol location. Mujang-eupseong, placed more emphasis on the spiritual realm to protect the country's well-being and placed Gaeksa in the hyeol location. ⓸ The fortress wall was applied in the form of a combination of the natural topography of the eupseong and the feng shui principle of shooting. As a result, a safe wall for national security and protection of residents was formed into four dimensions of Bogug. First, it is bogug in the area of military defense. Second, it is bogug in the spiritual realm defending the country. Third, it is bogug in the field of feng shui. Fourth, it is bogug in the realm of bosin protecting the residents. ⓹ It was oriented toward the direction of the government office in accordance with Ho Sun-sin's 『Geography of new method』, and the eupseong and hyeol location were arranged in a way that conformed to An-mountain. As a result of measuring the officials corresponding to the hyeol location of eupseong, it was found that Nagan-eupseong was suitable in 『Geography of new method』, but Gochang-eupseong and Mujang-eupseong were inappropriate. This study was used as an opportunity to find a new model so that the diversity, characteristics, rationality and expandability of the field of feng shui culture can be highlighted by binding the feng shui culture deeply engraved in daily life to a fixed frame. It is expected that our local cultural assets will be deeply recognized as more valuable assets and will serve as a foundation for the local government to establish a wealth, preservation and future-oriented direction for the township.

| 풍수의 대상으로서 바람·물·땅 그리고 理致의 理는 인간의 生存을 위한 기본적인 要素이다. 이 요소들이 갖는 미묘한 차이와 인간과의 밀접한 상관관계는 오랜 경험을 통해서 풍수지리 思想과 原理라는 측면에서 구체화하게 되었다. 風水는 사람의 인식 속에 깊이 자리하여 도읍지의 선정, 읍성 및 궁궐의 건설 및 주택까지 다양한 대상을 통해서 활용성을 모색해 왔다. 조선시대 邑城은 외부의 침략으로부터 그 地域 住民을 안전하게 보호하고, 農作物의 풍요와 나라의 부를 결정짓는 중요한 指標이며, 行政的 기능과 軍事的 기능을 담당하던 地方行政施設이다. 본 연구는 樂安邑城·高敞邑城·茂長邑城에 대한 立地 및 공간배치의 原理, 입지의 風水的 分析, 읍성의 空間構成과 다각적인 風水的 特徵을 살펴보았다. 이러한 傳統的 읍성의 立地環境 구성에 중요한 意味와 역할을 담당했던 風水的 要因과 特性들이 어떤 현상으로 자리하고 해석 및 적용되었는지를 제시하였다. 現場調査, 文獻 考察, 古地圖 등의 도구를 통해 結果에 대한 객관성·신뢰성·정확성을 제고하는데 초점을 맞추었다. 조선시대에 邑城을 설치할 때에는 傳統的으로 吉地를 찾아 배치하려는 철저한 風水的 思顧體系에 의존했던 것으로 나타났다. 邑城에 대한 立地觀은 자연환경과의 조화를 이루면서 風水를 활용하여 땅의 위치를 찾고 성곽을 쌓아 建築物을 配置하였던 것이다. 풍수의 經驗科學的 論理逮繫인 간룡법(龍), 정혈법(穴), 장풍법(砂), 득수법(水), 좌향론(向)이 邑城에 어떻게 적용되었는지를 현장조사와 地圖를 통해 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 鎭山은 읍성의 立地를 선정하거나 건축물을 空間配置할 때 중심축의 역할을 수행하였다. 또한, 중앙에서 직접 진산을 선정하여 朝鮮王朝實錄에 기록하고 관리하였다. 둘째, 풍수에서 중요한 목표 중의 하나인 穴處에 읍성에서 가장 중요한 官衙 建築物을 배치하였으며 그 배치된 관아를 통해 읍성이 바라고 요구하는 지향점을 제시하였다. 셋째, 砂格은 읍성과 혈의 주변에 있는 청룡·백호·주작·현무 등 모든 산과 바위 등을 거느리면서 읍성 전체적인 局勢가 調和와 均衡을 이루면서 安定感을 유지하고 있다. 넷째, 읍성의 水系는 山과 水이라는 요소가 서로 결합해서 調和와 均衡을 이루고 읍성 대부분이 富를 상징하는 金星水로써의 읍성을 환포하며 흐르고 있다. 다섯째, 坐向은 모든 읍성이 宇宙의 생기를 얻는 방법으로 武曲星 金星體 형태의 안산을 선호하였다. 裨補는 자연과 인간의 相補原理에 토대를 두고 읍성의 취약한 부분을 보완하여 輔虛的 효과를 강화했다. 특히, 혈의 흠결을 비보하기 위해 八曜黃泉殺 및 八路四路黃泉殺의 방위에 각각 느티나무가 비보하고 있다. 다음은 邑城의 공간구성과 風水論理를 活用한 風水的 特性이 읍성에 어떻게 適用되었는지를 비교 분석하였다. 첫째, 읍성에 『周禮』 「考工記」 기본원리인 左廟右社의 원칙을 이상적으로 수용하고 방 3문(12개소)은 自然의 지형지세를 따르되, 성문을 2∼3개소로 축소하여 적용하였다. 둘째, 邑城이 住民을 보호하는 중요한 수단으로 軍事的 防禦 施設物을 철저히 갖추었다. 성곽 자체인 城體뿐만 아니라 방어력을 높이기 위해 성문, 옹성, 여장, 치성 및 해자 등 안전망 구축에 읍성의 지형적 특성에 맞는 다양성을 추구하였다. 셋째, 읍성의 공간구성 건설에 적용되는 풍수지리적 특징은 전적으로 風水論理를 이상적으로 활용하고 수용하는 자세를 견지하고 있었다. ⓵ 背山臨水에 符合한 風水景觀을 갖춘 읍성을 건설하였다. 읍성의 규모와 방위에 관계없이 읍성이 진산·주산·현무봉을 통해 전저후고라는 배산임수적 風水的 認識體系를 갖추었다. 읍성 앞을 흐르는 水系는 대부분 금성수로 읍성을 감싸면서 돌고 있다. ⓶ 主龍이 邑城과 穴의 中心을 정확하게 관통한다는 타당성과 당위성에 부합하고 있다. 낙안읍성은 금전산의 主龍이 直龍入首로 관통하고, 고창읍성은 방장산의 主龍이 橫龍入首로 관통하며, 무장읍성은 구황산의 主龍이 直龍入首로 관통하였다. ⓷ 穴處에는 읍성에서 주요한 官衙를 설치하고 분명하게 指向의 의미를 부여하였다. 낙안읍성은 혈처에 公的 業務를 수행하는 東軒에 비중을 두었고 고창읍성은 子女에 대한 愛情과 未來 지향적 成長을 추구하여 穴處에 內衙를 두었다. 무장읍성은 나라의 安寧을 지키는 精神的인 영역에 더 비중을 두고 혈처에 客舍를 배치하였다. ⓸ 城郭은 邑城의 自然的 지형지세와 사격의 風水的 原理가 결합한 형태로 適用되었다. 그 결과, 국가 안위와 주민보호를 위한 안전적인 성벽은 네가지 차원의 保局이 형성되었다. 첫째, 軍事防禦的 영역의 보국. 둘째, 精神的인 영역의 보국. 셋째, 風水的 영역의 보국. 넷째, 保身的인 영역의 보국이다. ⓹ 胡舜臣의 『地理新法』에 부합한 관아의 坐向을 지향하고 있었으며 安山에 順應하는 형태로 읍성과 혈을 배치하였다. 邑城의 혈처에 해당하는 관아를 측정한 결과, 『地理新法』에 낙안읍성은 適合하고 고창읍성과 무장읍성은 不適合한 것으로 나타났다. 본 硏究는 일상생활에 깊숙이 각인된 風水文化가 고정된 틀에 묶여 풍수가 갖는 多樣性과 特徵, 合理性과 영역의 擴張性이 부각될 수 있도록 새로운 모델을 찾아보는 契機로 삼았다. 우리의 지방 文化財가 보다 소중한 資産으로 깊이 인식하여 지방정부의 邑城에 대한 復元, 保存 및 미래 지향적인 方向設定에 밑거름이 되기를 기대한다.