Metastability and reversibility of anionic redox-based cathode for high-energy rechargeable batteries

Abstract

Great focus has recently been placed on anionic redox, to which high capacities of Li-rich layered oxides are attributed. With almost doubled capacity compared with state-of-the-art cathode materials, Li-rich layered oxides still fall short in other performance metrics. Among these, voltage decay upon cycling remains the most hindering obstacle, in which defect electrochemistry plays a critical role. Here, we reveal that the metastable state of cycled Li-rich layered oxide, which stems from structural defects in different dimensions, is responsible for the voltage decay. More importantly, through mild thermal energy, the metastable state can be driven to a stable state, bringing about structural and voltage recovery. However, for the classic layered oxide without reversible anionic redox, thermal energy can only introduce cation disordering, leading to performance deterioration. These insights elucidate that understanding the structure metastability and reversibility is essential for implementing design strategies to improve cycling stability for high-capacity layered oxides.