Maurice Ravel의 Gaspard de la Nuit 연구

Abstract

본 논문은 라벨(Maurice Ravel, 1875-1937)의 ≪밤의 가스파르(Gaspard de la Nuit)≫에 관한 연구이다. 라벨은 인상주의의 작곡가로 그의 음악은 고전주의의 형식적인 미와 인상주의의 음악어법을 조화시킨 것으로 말해진다. 그는 다양한 분야에 걸쳐 많은 작품을 남겼는데, 특히 그의 피아노 음악에서 그러한 면을 찾아 볼 수 있다. 고전주의의 형식적인 면으로 작곡된 작품은 ≪소나티네(Sonatine, 1903-1905)≫와 ≪쿠프랭의 무덤(Le Tombeau de Couperin, 1914-1917)≫등 이고, ≪물의 희롱(Jeux d'eau, 1901)≫, ≪거울(Miroirs, 1904-1905)≫ 그리고 본 논문에서 분석할 ≪밤의 가스파르(Gaspard de la Nuit, 1908)≫ 같은 작품에서 그의 인상주의 음악 어법을 찾아 볼 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 먼저 라벨의 전반적 삶과 피아노 문헌에 관한 내용을 살펴본 후에, 1908년에 작곡된 ≪밤의 가스파르(Gaspard de la Nuit)≫를 분석연구 하였다. 이 곡은 19세기 시인(詩人) 알로와쥬 베르트랑(Aloysius Bertrand, 1807-1841)의 시(詩)에서 영향을 받아 1908년 작곡된 것으로 <물의요정(Ondine)>, <교수대(Le Gibet)>, <스카르보(Scarbo)>의 3곡으로 이루어진 작품이다. 화성은 7, 9, 11, 13화음이 자주 쓰였고, 부가음이 포함된 화음과 병행화음의 연속적인 사용으로 조성의 불확실성을 갖게 하는 인상적인 색채감을 나타내고 있다. 선율은 온음음계(whole tone scale), 교회선법(church mode), 5음음계(pentatonic scale)의 사용을 통해 인상주의적 요소들을 다양하게 제시하였으며, 주제 선율을 변형하고 반복하면서 장?단조 음계를 사용한 점에서는 고전적인 면모가 나타난다. 리듬은 단조롭고 명확한 리듬을 곡 전체에 걸쳐 여러 번 사용하였으며, 복합리듬(polyrhythm)의 사용으로 리듬의 세분화와 다양성을 보여주고 있다. 이러한 인상주의 음악의 특징이 가장 잘 드러난 작품인 ≪밤의 가스파르(Gaspard de la Nuit)≫를 연구해 봄으로써 그의 음악적 성향과 작곡 기법을 연구해 보고자 하였다.; The purpose of this thesis is to study a music selection, Ravel's Gaspard de la Nuit. Ravel is representing impressionism with composer Debussy. His music is known for both its classical form and well harmonization of the expression of impressionism. He has works on a variety of areas, but his works on piano music shows the above characteristics the best. Sonatine (1903-1905) and Le Tombeau de Couperin (1914-1917) are examples of classical pieces composed in the formal style, whereas Jeux d’eau (1901), Miroirs (1904-1905), and Gaspard de la Nuit (1908), which are analyzed in this essay, portray musical expressions of impressionism. This essay first reviews the life of Ravel and related records on piano literature, and analyzes in detail his work Gaspard de la Nuit, which was composed in 1908. This work consists of three pieces; Ondine, Le Gibet, and Scarbo which were all influenced by Aloysius Bertrand who was a poet in the nineteen century. They works were composed in 1908. The analysis of the three pieces has been summarized below. The first piece Ondine was composed in the form of sonata with exposition that pertains two themes, strong development section, brief recapitulation, and Coda. The uniformity of the music was maintained by recurring variation of pentatonic scale that created oriental ambiance in the form of simple rhythmical motif throughout the piece. Additional characteristics were church mode, whole-note scale, added chord, polychord, plain cadence in the form of triad that distinctly separated musical modes, modes, polyrhythm, 7th, 9th, 11th, and 13th chord. This piece portrayed dual image of Ondine: supernatural and diabolical traits concealed behind sentimental and beautiful aspects. The second piece Le Gibet was composed in song form that contained grief intermediate section. Even though this piece was the shortest compared to other two pieces of music in Gaspard de la Nuit, it pertained profound depth. As for the characteristics of this piece, syncopation rhythm of B♭ minor octave that depicted desolated and gloomy atmosphere of the scaffold was used as consonant, compensative, and non-harmonic continuant sound while ostinato effect was maintained throughout the piece. In addition, simple rhythm structure of the consecutive 5th and 8th as well as 5th, 4th, third, and second connected by slur continuously appeared throughout the piece. As for the third piece Scarbo, the motive and second themes were first presented and variations of those 2 themes were continuously repeated, The use of the second added chord was the notable aspect of this piece and the consecutive use of the second tone effectively presented impressionistic color sensation. The display of outstanding technique as well as not losing accurate sensation of rhythm would be the most important factor in playing this piece. The pianism of this piece presaged the audience of Le Tombeau de Couperin from Toccata. Ravel used technique with impressionistic tendency to a certain extent in Gaspard de la Nuit. The characteristic of impressionistic technique was the use of consecutive perfect 4th and 5th that resemble medieval organum, whole-tone scale, pentatonic, and church mode. Gaspard de la Nuit was an attempt to create beautiful cross imagery of poetry and music, It was the unparalleled masterpiece among Ravel's piano music that was written by the virtuoso with brilliant and complex craftsmanship as well as broad minded and unrestricted techniques.