초고층 주거 건축의 환경친화적 계획에 관한 연구

Abstract

초고층 건축의 부정적 영향을 최소화 하는 방법을 찾고, 긍정적 효과를 더욱 부각시키고, 오히려 도시의 경관을 향상시키면서 자연과 조화로운 이상 건축일 될 수 있는 방법을 찾기 위해 시작하였다. 그러므로 초고층 건축의 건설과정에서부터 건설 후 사용단계에서 발생되는 부정적인 여러 현상을 예방하기 위해서는 결국 초고층 건축에서도 최근 이슈가 되고 있는 지속가능한 개발의 개념과 환경친화적 접근은 절실히 요구된다고 할 수 있다. 즉, 지금까지의 환경친화건축이 추구하던 자원 순환과 재사용, 재생가능성이라는 세 가지 목표를 도시의 초고층 건축에서 현실화하는 방법을 구체화하는 작업의 필요성이 제기된다. 그러므로 본 연구는 21세기 환경시대에 부합하고 이상적 미래 도시환경의 실현을 가능하게 해주는 대안으로서 환경친화적 초고층 건축의 필요성을 강조하고, 국내 초고층 주거건축의 환경친화성 향상을 위한 방법을 제시하려고 하였다. 본 연구의 최종 목표는 환경친화적 초고층 건축의 특성 및 계획요소 도출을 통하여 국내 도심의 초고층 주거 건축이 환경친화적이고 건강하며, 환경변화에 장기적으로 대응할 수 있는 지속가능성 향상의 지표를 마련하고 새로운 계획 방향을 정립하는 것이다.; Since the Home Insurance Building, the world's first skyscraper, was built in Chicago in 1884, high-rise architecture has been considered as competitive power and symbol of a nation, so competition for building 'skyscrapers' is getting fierce. Besides, as horizontal expansion of a city reaches the uppermost limit, on the ground of perpendicular expansion and efficiency of land use, skyscrapers go on increasing in number. Since 1990s, high-rise buildings with more than 30 stories have been built in Korea, and from the late 1990s, the construction of commercial/ residential buildings began in earnest, and the number of skyscrapers in Korea became the fifth highest in the world. Therefore, a skyscraper is now considered as a part of new residential architecture. However, among the skyscrapers newly built in Korea, it is hard to find the case that improves the landscape and symbolism of a city as high class complex housing. Moreover, skyscrapers in Korea interrupt our view of their surrounding as an urban barrier, and have a bad influence on pedestrians and their surrounding on account of their making a unique wind environment, and bring about a serious traffic problem. And further, these skyscrapers have many problems such as the consumption of enormous amounts of energy and the discharge of pollutants. Therefore, if skyscrapers as new urban housing style are indispensable to a city, it is thought that it is time that it requires further efforts to solve these problems. We started this study to find the solution to minimize negative influence of skyscrapers and improve urban landscape and make ideal skyscrapers harmonizing with nature. Therefore, to prevent the problems occurring when skyscrapers are under construction and after they open to the public, environment- friendly quality and the concept of sustainable development are urgently required in the construction of high-rise architecture. In other words, we need to find the method to realize the three goals of environment-friendly skyscrapers in urban high-rise architecture: resources circulation, reusability, and recyclability. Therefore, in this study, we tried to emphasize the necessity of environment-friendly skyscrapers as alternative solution that are suitable in the age of environment in 21st century and can create ideal future urban environment, and to suggest the method to improve the environment - friendly quality of skyscrapers in Korea. The final airn of this study is to establish new design guidelines and indexes for sustai.nability improvement that enable skyscrapers in Korea to become environment-friendly and to be adapted to environmental changes through the deduction of the characteristics and planning elements of environment-- friendly highrise architecture. Therefore, the main contents of this study consist of the planning elements of environment-friendly skyscraper and the improvement measures through the evaluation on the environment-friendly quality of skyscrapers in Korea. And the processes and methods of this study are as follows; Firstly, we have examined the change of city architecture and the role and effect of high-rise residential building as new housing to prove the feasibility of this study. Secondly, as part of basic research for the architectural planning of environment-.friendly high-rise building, we have considered the characteristics and planning elements of general. high-rise architecture. On the other hand, we have inquired sufficiently into the concept and principle of environment- friendly high-rise architecture. Thirdly, we deduced the planning elements of environment-friendly high-rise architecture in two ways. One is to check architectural basic planning characteristics and its main planning elements through the analysis of 20 cases regarded as environment-friendly skyscrapers that are built or now under planning all over the world. The other is to evaluate the environment--friendly quality of Korean cases after its planning elements are deduced through the analysis of the estimation indexes for environment- friendly skyscraper certification. Fourthly, we have examined the present condition of skyscrapers in Seoul to find the method to improve the environment-friendly quality of high-rise residential architecture in Korea. Fifthly, the environment--friendly characteristics of ten skyscrapers that are located in Seoul and have more than two apartments over 40 floors were deduced based on the environment-friendly planning elements selected in this study. And then, we compared these characteristics with general environment-friendly planning elements and checked the environment- friendly planning elements that these characteristics did not include. And we tried to find the improvement method focused on these environment- friendly planning elements. Sixthly, based on the result of the analysis of ten cases, the improvement direction to better the environment-- friendly quality of skyscrapers in Korea was provided in two aspects, architectural basic planning and environment--friendly planning element. The first includes site planning, form planning, elevation planning, and floor plan planning. The second contains open space, interior space, and maintenance of energy and resources. In this study, the results from these processes are as follows. Firstly, the most basic practical principle for environment-friendly residential architecture is that we make active use of natural energy and circulation system for the reduction of resources and wastes, and employ natural control method, and introduce active environment- friendly system. Secondly, the main orientations of the environment-friendly skyscrapers under current construction all over the world are southeast, southwest, and south. many of these skyscrapers are tower--type buildings that include a piloti structure, and have atypical and aesthetic form, and reflect bio-climatic designs responding sensitively to wind, sunshine, and climatical environment. And most of these skyscrapers have courtyard or atrium, deep terrace, skycourt, multi skins rather than compact, solid masses. The elevation planning of them has many dynamic expressions by oblique linear or spiral and irregular face division distinguishing lower, middle and upper floor of them rather than equal face division. The floor planning of them reflects daylighting and natural ventilation through space arrangement considering air circulation and sunshine. And the main constituents of this planning are partition and room that reflect changeability and flexibility for spatial sustainability. The material planning of them considers durability, sustainability, health, recycling, and reusability. Thirdly, most of the high-rise residential buildings in Korea were not built according to the concept of environment--friendly design but the concept that emphasize height and high class culture on account of convenience and high technology. Fourthly, when skyscrapers in Korea were analyzed from environment -friendly point of view, the site planning of these skyscrapers has problem from urban environmental. perspective because it considers sunshine, view, and privacy focused on their dwellers. From mass planning`s aspect, most of these skyscrapers are rectangular tower type and have a piloti structure, and are arranged as a single mass type or linear using compact and rectangular basic mass, so become a barrier in a city. The elevation planning of these skyscrapers put stress on skin division emphasizing the regular pattern of perpendicular and parallel linear element, and the surface of them consists of single skin. The floor planning of them emphasizes square, rectangular and rectangular connection floor. And residential units on this floor are arranged in center core type. For this reason, in architectural characteristics, these skyscrapers were different from the environment-friendly skyscrapers that had ecological, aesthetic form emphasizing vertical landscaping, porous mass type and atypical type. Moreover it was found that these skyscrapers needed to be improved to better environment-friendly quality. Fifthly, focused on the planning elements deduced from estimation indexes for environment----friendly skyscraper certification, we have calculated the application ratio of these planning elements after checking the planning elements applied to skyscrapers in Korea. According to the results of these application ratios, the application ratio of the item of saving of materials and resources" is 28.4% and the lowest of seven main items'. The application ratios of other items except this one are as follows: "saving of energy (33.3%)'째, "reduction of environmental load (38.7%)", "land use and traffic (39.6%)", "construction of ecological environment (40%)". It was found that the application ratios of these 5 items were lower than 50%, so these application ratios needed to be improved. We found that from environment-friendly perspective, the application ratio of each planning element of skyscrapers in Korea was generally low, so these skyscrapers left much to be improved. Especially, the planning elements for the reduction of resources and wastes need to be introduced to save materials and resources, and the active use of natural energy was required to save energy, and the planning elements related to natural friendly system need to be applied. Besides, ecological environment need more active natural friendly system rather than simple landscaping of roof and apartment complex.