아동의 완벽주의 성향이 열등감과 불안에 미치는 영향

Abstract

본 연구에서는 아동의 완벽주의 성향에 따라서 열등감과 불안에 미치는 효과가 성취목표와 사회적지지에 의해 매개되는지를 확인하고자 하였다. 본 연구를 위해 세 개의 연구문제를 설정하였다. 첫 번째로 아동의 완벽주의 유형에 따라서 열등감 및 불안에 차이가 있는지, 두 번째로 아동의 완벽주의 성향이 열등감 및 불안에 미치는 영향을 성취목표가 매개하는지, 세 번째로 아동의 완벽주의 성향이 열등감및 불안에 미치는 영향을 사회적지지가 매개하는지 알아보는 것이다. 본 연구를 위하여 초등학생 5학년 6학년을 대상으로 설문을 실시하였고 수거된 205부( 남학생 102 명 여학생 103 명)의 자료로 최종적으로 분석하여 얻어진 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 완벽주의가 높을수록 열등감이 낮고 불안이 높았다. 그러나 중다회귀분석에서는 사회부과적 완벽주의에서만 열등감이 유의한 값이 나왔고 불안에서는 통계적으로 유의한 예언력을 가지지 못했다. 성별분석에서는 열등감과 불안 모두 여자의 경우는 통계적으로 유의하였으나, 남자의 경우는 통계적으로 유의하지 않은 결과를 보였다. 또한 완벽주의가 높을수록 성취목표의 하위요인인 성공접근목표와 실패회피목표가 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 성공접근목표가 높을수록 열등감은 낮고 실패회피목표가 높을수록 불안이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 독립적인 효과를 검증한 결과, 자기지향적 완벽주의만이 통계적으로 유의하였다. 이어서 완벽주의 성향이 열등감과 불안에 미치는 영향을 성취목표가 매개하는지 확인한 결과, 완벽주의에 대하여 열등감과 불안에 미치는 영향을 통제하였을 때 성취목표가 열등감에 부분적으로 설명되었으며 불안에는 통계적으로 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 완벽주의 성향이 열등감에는 부분적으로 매개하나 불안에는 매개하지 않는 것으로 확인되었다. 다음은 완벽주의와 사회적지지, 열등감과 불안의 관계를 살펴본 결과, 사회부과적 완벽주의가 높을수록 사회적지지가 높으며 성별분석에서는 차이가 존재하였다. 여자의 경우 사회부과적 완벽주의가 가족지지와 통계적으로 유의하였으나, 남자의 경우 친구지지가 통계적으로 유의하였다. 또한 사회적지지가 높을수록 열등감은 낮고 불안도 낮은 것으로 나타났으며 남녀 차이에서는 사회적지지 하위영역별로 여자의 경우는 모든 사회적지지에서 열등감 과 불안이 통계적으로 유의하였으며, 남자의 경우는 친구지지만 통계적으로 유의하였다. 그러나 독립적인 효과를 검증한 결과, 사회적지지가 열등감과 불안에 통계적으로 유의한 예언력을 가지는 것을 알 수 있으나 교사지지는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 이어서 완벽주의가 열등감과 불안에 미치는 영향을 사회적지지가 매개하는지 확인한 결과, 완벽주의가 열등감에 미치는 효과가 완전히 설명되지는 않았으나, 부분적으로는 설명되었으며 완벽주의가 불안에 미치는 효과는 사회적지지가 매개하지 않았다. 이상의 연구결과를 통해 아동의 완벽주의 성향에 따라 학습자에게 요구되어지는 변인인 성취목표와 환경적인 긍정적 변인인 사회적지지를 매개변인으로 고려함과 동시에 비합리적인 신념인 열등감과 부정적 정서인 불안에 미치는 영향을 체계적으로 제시한 연구가 없었다는 점에서 본 연구의 의의를 찾을 수 있다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 제한점 및 후속연구의 필요성을 제안하였다.

주요어 : 완벽주의, 성취목표, 사회적지지, 열등감, 불안 | The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating effect of achievement goal and social support on sense of inferiority and anxiety in children with perfectionist tendencies. For this study, following three research questions were set up: First, does the various type of children's perfectionism affect inferiority complex and anxiety differently? Second, does goal achievement mediate how perfectionism affects inferiority complex and anxiety? Third, does social support mediate how perfectionism affects inferiority complex and anxiety? For this study, surveys were carried out on 205 elementary school students in grades 5 and 6 (male 102, female 103). The final analysis of the data obtained by this study are as follows. Anxiety level was lower and sense of inferiority was higher as perfectionist tendencies increased. However, in the multiple regression analysis, only socially prescribed perfectionism yielded significant correlation, and anxiety was not a significant predictor. In gender analysis, sense of inferiority and anxiety were both statistically significant for females, but not statistically significant in male subjects. In addition, success approach goal and failure avoidance goal (sub-factors of achievement goal), were higher as perfectionism increased. Higher the success approach goal, inferiority complex were lower, and higher the failure voidance goal, higher the anxiety. However, in analysing the multiple regression analysis, only self-oriented perfectionism was statistically significant. The influence on inferiority complex and anxiety by perfectionism as mediated by achievement goal was studied, and it was found that when perfectionism's influence on inferiority complex and anxiety was regulated, achievement goal was partially correlated with inferiority complex but did not correlate with anxiety. Thus, perfectionism partially mediated the sense of inferiority but did not mediate anxiety. Next, the relationship between perfectionism and social support and the relationship between inferiority complex and anxiety were analysed. Socially prescribed perfectionism and social support was positively correlated, and there did exist a gender specific differences. In females, correlation existed between socially prescribed perfectionism and family support, but in males correlation existed with peer support. Social support was negatively correlated with inferiority complex and anxiety. Finally, correlation existed in all sub-types of social support among females, but in males, only peer support was statistically significant. However, multiple regression analysis showed that social support was found to be significant predictor of sense of inferiority and anxiety, but teacher support was not statistically significant. Finally, the investigation whether social support mediates perfectionism's affect on sense of inferiority and anxiety did not fully explain the perfectionism's influence on the sense of inferiority, but only was partially verified. In addition the affect of perfectionism on anxiety was not mediated by social support. The significance of this study can be found in the fact that there does not seem to exist a study that systematically proposed the affect of children's perfectionism with mediating variables of achievement goal (as one of the variables demanded upon students) and social support (as one of the positive social environmental variable) while showing how irrational conviction of sense of inferiority and the negative emotion of anxiety are affected. Finally, the limitations of this study and the need for follow up studies was suggested.

Key Words: Perfectionism, Achievement Goals, Social Support, Inferiority complex, Anxiety; The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating effect of achievement goal and social support on sense of inferiority and anxiety in children with perfectionist tendencies. For this study, following three research questions were set up: First, does the various type of children's perfectionism affect inferiority complex and anxiety differently? Second, does goal achievement mediate how perfectionism affects inferiority complex and anxiety? Third, does social support mediate how perfectionism affects inferiority complex and anxiety? For this study, surveys were carried out on 205 elementary school students in grades 5 and 6 (male 102, female 103). The final analysis of the data obtained by this study are as follows. Anxiety level was lower and sense of inferiority was higher as perfectionist tendencies increased. However, in the multiple regression analysis, only socially prescribed perfectionism yielded significant correlation, and anxiety was not a significant predictor. In gender analysis, sense of inferiority and anxiety were both statistically significant for females, but not statistically significant in male subjects. In addition, success approach goal and failure avoidance goal (sub-factors of achievement goal), were higher as perfectionism increased. Higher the success approach goal, inferiority complex were lower, and higher the failure voidance goal, higher the anxiety. However, in analysing the multiple regression analysis, only self-oriented perfectionism was statistically significant. The influence on inferiority complex and anxiety by perfectionism as mediated by achievement goal was studied, and it was found that when perfectionism's influence on inferiority complex and anxiety was regulated, achievement goal was partially correlated with inferiority complex but did not correlate with anxiety. Thus, perfectionism partially mediated the sense of inferiority but did not mediate anxiety. Next, the relationship between perfectionism and social support and the relationship between inferiority complex and anxiety were analysed. Socially prescribed perfectionism and social support was positively correlated, and there did exist a gender specific differences. In females, correlation existed between socially prescribed perfectionism and family support, but in males correlation existed with peer support. Social support was negatively correlated with inferiority complex and anxiety. Finally, correlation existed in all sub-types of social support among females, but in males, only peer support was statistically significant. However, multiple regression analysis showed that social support was found to be significant predictor of sense of inferiority and anxiety, but teacher support was not statistically significant. Finally, the investigation whether social support mediates perfectionism's affect on sense of inferiority and anxiety did not fully explain the perfectionism's influence on the sense of inferiority, but only was partially verified. In addition the affect of perfectionism on anxiety was not mediated by social support. The significance of this study can be found in the fact that there does not seem to exist a study that systematically proposed the affect of children's perfectionism with mediating variables of achievement goal (as one of the variables demanded upon students) and social support (as one of the positive social environmental variable) while showing how irrational conviction of sense of inferiority and the negative emotion of anxiety are affected. Finally, the limitations of this study and the need for follow up studies was suggested.

Key Words: Perfectionism, Achievement Goals, Social Support, Inferiority complex, Anxiety