주민참여형 주거지 정비사업에서 주민의 사회적 관계변화 영향요인 분석

Abstract

1960년대 서울은 인구집중화 및 베이비붐 현상에 따른 폭발적인 인구증가가 일어나면서 인구 밀도가 급속도로 증가하였다. 수도권에 몰려드는 인구를 수용하기 위한 대안으로 행정 종사자와 도시 및 건설관련 전문가들은 아파트를 대량으로 공급하기 시작하였다. 이는 무주택자들에게 거처를 마련해주었다는 점에서 성공적인 사례로 볼 수도 있다. 그러나 한편으로 사회적 변화에 대한 충분한 고민 없이 환경을 급속하게 바꾸면서 부작용을 낳기도 했다. 기존의 공동주택 공급 방식에 따른 일방적인 사회 변화의 문제점을 개선하기 위한 대안 고민이 필요한 시점이다. 현 도시계획 및 개발사업 과정에서는 거주자들의 요구를 반영하기보다 효율적 목적을 달성하기 위해 공급자의 편의와 기법에 맞게 환경을 조성한다. 거주자와 공급자 간, 거주자와 거주자 간 소통 부재로 인해 이용자 중심의 물리적 환경 및 사회적 상황에 대한 개선이 이루어지지 않는다. 거주자가 참여하지 않는 공급자 위주의 공급 방식은 결국 거주자와 공급자, 거주자와 거주자 간의 사회적 관계를 단절시키는 결과를 초래하게 된다. 최근, 서울시에서는 휴먼타운 시범사업을 실시하여 아파트 일변도로 공급이 이루어지는 현 상황에 새로운 실험을 시도하고 있다. 휴먼타운 시범사업은 사업의 의도에서부터 주민들의 전적인 참여를 전제로 시행되었다. 이는 공급자 중심의 기존 개발방식에서 벗어나 환경 조성 및 관리의 중심 주체를 주민으로 본다는 측면에서 도시계획의 새로운 패러다임을 제시하고 있다. 이러한 주민참여형 정비 사업을 통해 주민 간 사회적 관계가 형성되는 효과를 기대할 수 있게 되었다. 최근의 연구에서는 도시계획의 새로운 접근인 협력적 계획과 주민들의 사회적 자본 및 사회적 관계망의 개념을 관련짓고 있다. 이러한 연구들의 핵심은 행정 및 전문가 중심으로 짜놓은 프로그램에 주민이 참여하는 과정에서 사회적 자본 및 사회적 관계의 개선 효과가 나타난다는 것이다. 그러나, 이웃관계에 영향을 주는 변수를 주민들의 비공식적 활동이라고 보는 선행연구를 토대로 봤을 때, 행정 및 전문가가 주체가 되는 공식적 계획 활동뿐만 아니라 주민이 주체가 되는 비공식적인 일상 활동을 통해서도 사회적 관계망에 영향을 줄 수 있을 것이라 본다. 따라서 이러한 근거로, 본 연구는 행정 및 전문가가 주체인 공식적 계획 활동과 주민이 주체가 되는 비공식적인 일상의 활동을 체계적으로 분류하여 사회적 관계 변화에 영향을 주는 활동요인을 밝히는 것을 연구 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 크게 두 가지 관점에서 접근하였다. 첫 번째 관점은 사회적 관계 변화에 영향을 주는 요인을 체계적으로 분류하여 이를 활용하고자 했다는 것이다. 이를 위해 선행연구에서 1차적으로 영향요인을 도출한 후, FGI 및 T-검증을 통해 영향요인을 최종 선정하고 분류하였다. 이후, 최종 선정된 영향요인의 지표를 두 가지 방식으로 활용하였다. 첫째, 전문가 및 주민에게 각각 사회적 관계변화에 영향을 주는 요인의 중요도를 설정하게 하여 두 집단 간 인식을 비교 분석하였다. 둘째, 사회적 관계 변화를 일으킨 응답자를 대상으로 복수 선택하게 하여 실질적으로 사회적 관계 변화가 공식적 계획 활동과 비공식적 일상 활동 중 어떠한 요인에 영향을 받았는지를 비교 분석하는 데 활용하였다. 다음으로 두 번째 관점은 연구 대상지의 주민들을 대상으로 사회적 관계 변화의 특성을 파악하고자 했다는 점이다. 이를 위해 사회연결망 분석을 활용하여 계획 과정 전 후의 사회적 관계망을 각각 분석한 후 네트워크의 지표 변화를 분석하고 그에 따른 현장의 상황을 토대로 관계망 변화 특성을 해석하였다. 이러한 관점으로 연구를 진행하여 다음과 같은 분석결과 및 시사점을 얻었다. 우선, 계획 활동 시기에 사회적 관계망의 변화가 있었으나, 전체적으로 변화의 폭이 크지 않았다는 점을 알 수 있었다. 그 이유는 본 연구 과정에서 관계의 신뢰 정도를 양(+)과 음(-)의 두 가지로 제안했기 때문이다. 개별의 사회적 관계 변화에 대해 신뢰 수준의 (+)증가와 (-)증가가 동시에 나타나 관계 정도의 총합은 상쇄효과를 띠었다. 즉, 사회적 관계망은 계획 활동 이후 연구시점에서 결속력이 강해졌다는 것을 밝혔으나 그 효과가 크게 나타나지는 않았다. 둘째, 영향요인의 중요도 인식을 비교 분석한 결과, 전문가는 공식적 계획 활동 요소인 주민협의체 구성모임, 주민들은 비공식적 일상 활동의 요소인 주민자치회 활동을 우선순위로 생각하였다. 이는 두 집단 간에 인식 차이를 보이는 것으로 향후 주민의 요구를 어떠한 방향으로 활용해야 할지에 대한 근거를 마련해 준다. 셋째, 사회적 관계 변화에 있어 실질적으로 영향을 끼친 활동에 대한 분석결과는 비공식적 일상 활동이 공식적 계획 활동보다 영향정도가 더 높았다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 그 동안의 관련 연구에서 공식적 계획 활동이 사회적 자본 및 사회적 관계에 영향을 미치는 요인이라는 주장에 대해 본 연구는 비공식적 활동 영역의 영향력에 대한 새로운 관점을 제시하였다. 이를 통해 공식적 계획 활동 개선 및 지속적 시행에 대한 정책적인 지원 방향의 근거를 마련하였고, 향후 관련 연구에서 유사한 관점을 고려한 연구의 토대를 제공했다는 데 의의가 있다고 볼 수 있다.|In the 1960s, density of population rapidly increased because the population had explosive growth resulted from phenomenon of population concentration and baby boom. Public officials and experts related to city and construction started to supply apartments in bulk to accommodate the population crowding into capital area. Although it looked like very successful that houseless people were given the residence, there were some side effects caused by changing environment expeditiously without any cautious consideration about effect of those change. This is the time when alternatives are needed to improve the social problems from the existed apartment supply system. Current process of urban planning and development project is making environment depending on convenience and technique of supplier for achieving the goal of efficiency rather than reflecting the residents. Through lack of communication between residents and supplier or residents and residents, it is difficult to improve user-centered physical and social environment. The supply system which is only based on supplier excluding citizen results in breaking up the social connection between residents and supplier or residents and residents. Recently, the new experiment is being implemented in Seoul against the supply system of nowadays mainly focusing on apartment by implementing Human Town demonstration project. Human Town demonstration business is being progressed on the premise of full participation of residents from the beginning of the project. This is presenting the new paradigm of city planning in that it is viewing the residents as main agent of environment setting, breaking the existing supplier-centered development way. It can be possible to forming social relationship among the residents through reconstruction project of the citizen-participated type. In the recent study, researchers are relating collaborative planning, the new approach of urban planning to residents’social capital and concept of social network. The core of these researches is that there is improvement effect of social capital and relationship in the process where residents participate in the program planed by public officials and experts. However, informal daily activities by residents as well as formal planning action by public official and experts can influence social network based on the precedent study which is seeing variable affecting relation of neighbor as residents’ informal activity. Accordingly, this research sets the goal of study on elucidating the activity factor affecting change of social relationship by assorting systematically formal planning activities by experts and informal daily activities by residents. To do this, the research approaches in two perspectives largely. The first view is that to assort systematically the elements affecting the change of social relationship is used. For this, this research at first draws the effect factors in the precedent study and implements final selection and classification those factors using FGI and T-test. After this, index of effect factor selected finally is used in the two ways. First, it is used to do comparative analysis the cognition between two groups by setting importance of the factor influencing change of social relationship by each of the experts and residents. Secondly, it is used to analyze degree about which factor affect change of social relationship practically of formal planning action or informal daily activities by having respondents causing the change of social relationship make multi-choice. The second view is to see characteristics of change of social relationship for residents of selected site. For this, this study analyzed each of the social network before and after the project process and change of index of network by using social network analysis, and then interpreted the characteristics of changed network based on situation of the site. After progressing research in this perspective, the study could result in the following consequences and implications. First of all, while in the time of planning activity, there was change of social network, it was shown that the degree of change was not considerable in general. It was because the degree of reliability was proposed in two way, (+) and (-) in the process of research. The sum of relationship degree showed offset effect because the increase of (+) and (-) happened at the same time in reliable level. In other words, in the time of research after planning activity cohesion of the social network became strong but the effect was not great. Secondly, after comparative analysis of cognition about importance of effect factor, experts thought of the resident consultative group which is factor of formal planning activity as most important and inhabitant consider residents’ association as their first priority. This consequence is presenting the basis about how the residents’demand should be used in the future. Thirdly it is shown that in the analyzed consequence about the activity affecting the change of social relationship practically, the influence informal daily activity is higher than that of formal planning activity. This study presented new perspective about effect of informal activity region while the existing related studies claim that formal planning activity is the factor affecting social capital and relationship. That has significance in that this is used as basis for directions of policy in improving the formal planning activity and implementing continuously and offers the ground to the related studies considering similar point of view in the future.; In the 1960s, density of population rapidly increased because the population had explosive growth resulted from phenomenon of population concentration and baby boom. Public officials and experts related to city and construction started to supply apartments in bulk to accommodate the population crowding into capital area. Although it looked like very successful that houseless people were given the residence, there were some side effects caused by changing environment expeditiously without any cautious consideration about effect of those change. This is the time when alternatives are needed to improve the social problems from the existed apartment supply system. Current process of urban planning and development project is making environment depending on convenience and technique of supplier for achieving the goal of efficiency rather than reflecting the residents. Through lack of communication between residents and supplier or residents and residents, it is difficult to improve user-centered physical and social environment. The supply system which is only based on supplier excluding citizen results in breaking up the social connection between residents and supplier or residents and residents. Recently, the new experiment is being implemented in Seoul against the supply system of nowadays mainly focusing on apartment by implementing Human Town demonstration project. Human Town demonstration business is being progressed on the premise of full participation of residents from the beginning of the project. This is presenting the new paradigm of city planning in that it is viewing the residents as main agent of environment setting, breaking the existing supplier-centered development way. It can be possible to forming social relationship among the residents through reconstruction project of the citizen-participated type. In the recent study, researchers are relating collaborative planning, the new approach of urban planning to residents’social capital and concept of social network. The core of these researches is that there is improvement effect of social capital and relationship in the process where residents participate in the program planed by public officials and experts. However, informal daily activities by residents as well as formal planning action by public official and experts can influence social network based on the precedent study which is seeing variable affecting relation of neighbor as residents’ informal activity. Accordingly, this research sets the goal of study on elucidating the activity factor affecting change of social relationship by assorting systematically formal planning activities by experts and informal daily activities by residents. To do this, the research approaches in two perspectives largely. The first view is that to assort systematically the elements affecting the change of social relationship is used. For this, this research at first draws the effect factors in the precedent study and implements final selection and classification those factors using FGI and T-test. After this, index of effect factor selected finally is used in the two ways. First, it is used to do comparative analysis the cognition between two groups by setting importance of the factor influencing change of social relationship by each of the experts and residents. Secondly, it is used to analyze degree about which factor affect change of social relationship practically of formal planning action or informal daily activities by having respondents causing the change of social relationship make multi-choice. The second view is to see characteristics of change of social relationship for residents of selected site. For this, this study analyzed each of the social network before and after the project process and change of index of network by using social network analysis, and then interpreted the characteristics of changed network based on situation of the site. After progressing research in this perspective, the study could result in the following consequences and implications. First of all, while in the time of planning activity, there was change of social network, it was shown that the degree of change was not considerable in general. It was because the degree of reliability was proposed in two way, (+) and (-) in the process of research. The sum of relationship degree showed offset effect because the increase of (+) and (-) happened at the same time in reliable level. In other words, in the time of research after planning activity cohesion of the social network became strong but the effect was not great. Secondly, after comparative analysis of cognition about importance of effect factor, experts thought of the resident consultative group which is factor of formal planning activity as most important and inhabitant consider residents’ association as their first priority. This consequence is presenting the basis about how the residents’demand should be used in the future. Thirdly it is shown that in the analyzed consequence about the activity affecting the change of social relationship practically, the influence informal daily activity is higher than that of formal planning activity. This study presented new perspective about effect of informal activity region while the existing related studies claim that formal planning activity is the factor affecting social capital and relationship. That has significance in that this is used as basis for directions of policy in improving the formal planning activity and implementing continuously and offers the ground to the related studies considering similar point of view in the future.