아동기 후기의 열등감이 분노에 미치는 영향

Abstract

이 연구는 아동기 후기 아동을 대상으로 하여 학년과 성별에 따른 열등감과 분노의 정도에 차이가 있는지 알아보았다. 또한 열등감의 하위요인과 분노의 하위요인의 관계와 성, 학년, 열등감의 하위요인이 분노에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보고자 하였다. 그리하여 이 연구는 아동기 후기의 열등감과 분노에 대한 이해를 돕는 자료를 제시하고, 아동의 열등감이 분노를 유발하는 심리적인 과정을 다루며, 학교와 가정에서 유용하게 활용되는 것에 목적을 둔다.

이 연구에서 살펴보고자 하는 연구문제는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 아동기 후기의 열등감과 분노수준의 전반적인 경향은 어떠한가? 둘째, 아동기 후기의 열등감이 분노에 미치는 영향은 어떠한가?

이 연구에서는 서울시 강북구에 소재한 2개의 초등학교 (B초등학교와 S초등학교) 4학년 아동 126명, 5학년 아동 139명, 6학년 아동 135명을 표집 하였고, 총 400부를 분석에 포함시켰다. 열등감 측정도구는 신체적 열등감, 사회적 열등감, 가정에 대한 열등감, 지적 ․ 학업적 열등감, 성격에 대한 열등감의 다섯 가지 유형으로 나뉘어진 질문지를 사용하였고, 분노 측정도구는 ChIA(Children's Inventory of Anger) 아동용 자기 보고식 분노 측정도구를 사용하였다. 해당 연구 자료는 SPSS 12.0 프로그램을 통하여 분석되었으며 연구문제 1에서는 일원분산분석(ANOVA)와 t-검정(t-test)을 실시하였고 연구문제 2를 확인하기 위해서 상관분석과 중다회귀분석, 위계적회귀분석을 실시하였다. 이와 같은 과정을 거친 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다.

첫째, 아동기 후기의 열등감은 가정적 열등감을 제외한 신체적 열등감, 사회적 열등감, 지적 ․ 학업적 열등감, 성격 열등감에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 전체적인 열등감의 수치는 4, 5학년 집단에 비해 6학년 집단이 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 성별에 따라서는 신체적, 성격 열등감에서 여아의 집단과 남아의 집단이 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 학년별 분노의 수준의 하위영역을 살펴본 결과 권위 좌절과 상황좌절에서 4학년 집단에 비해 6학년 집단이 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 성별의 경우 신체 및 언어공격에서 남아의 집단과 여아의 집단이 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였으며 기대 좌절, 권위 좌절, 상황 좌절은 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다.

둘째, 아동의 열등감의 하위요인과 분노의 하위 요인과의 상관관계를 살펴보면, 열등감의 하위 영역인 신체적, 사회적, 가정적, 지적 ․ 학업적, 성격과 분노의 하위 영역인 신체 및 언어공격, 기대, 권위, 상황에서 모두 통계적으로 유의한 정적상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 분노의 하위 요인 중 신체 및 언어공격에 영향을 미치는 변인은 여아, 열등감 하위 요인은 지적 ․ 학업적, 성격적 열등감이며, 기대 좌절은 가정적, 성격적 열등감에 영향을 받고, 권위 좌절은 6학년, 사회적, 가정적, 성격적 열등감에 영향을 받으며, 상황좌절의 영향을 미치는 변인은 6학년, 사회적, 성격적 열등감으로 나타났다.

이상의 연구결과를 통하여 아동의 열등감과 분노와의 관계, 열등감이 분노의 하위요인에 미치는 영향이 큰 것으로 보여 진다. 이 연구는 아동기 후기를 대상으로 한 열등감과 분노와의 관계가 전무한 실정에서 아동의 분노 정서에 대해 연구했다는 점과 이 연구의 결과 열등감은 분노의 하위요인에 영향을 주는 특성으로 확인되었는데, 이는 후에 열등감과 분노를 다루는 후속 연구들에서 이 연구가 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있다는 점에서 의의를 찾을 수 있겠다. | This study is conducted on children in late childhood to verify different levels of inferiority and anger depending on school grade and gender, the relationship between sub-factors of inferiority and anger, and the impact of inferiority on anger. This paper is designed to provide information for better understanding of inferiority and anger of the children in late childhood, to tackle psychological process of how inferiority triggers anger, and to serve as a useful reference at home and in school.

The issues that this research try to address are as follows : First, general trend of the inferiority and anger level of children in late child hood? Second, what is the effect of inferiority on anger in late childhood?

The survey was conducted at 'B' and 'S' elementary school Gangbuk-gu, in Seoul. As the sample, 126 students from 4th grade, 140 from the 5th, 135 from the 6th and total of 400 elementary students participated. To measure the level of inferiority, the researcher distributed a questionnaire for analysis of 5 types - physical, social, family, intellectual and academic, and personality inferiority. As for measure of anger, the researcher utilized ChIA(Children's Inventory of Anger), to which a self-reporting system for children is applied. SPSS 12.0 was used to analyze the collected information, while ANOVA and t-test were executed for study 1. Correlation, and multiple and hierarchial regression analysis were carried out in study 2. Through all the above-mentioned process, findings are as follows:

Except for family inferiority, children in late childhood showed a statistically significant difference in physical, social, intellectual and academic, and personality inferiority. General level of inferiority of 6th graders was found to be significantly higher than that of 4th and 5th graders. In terms of gender, in addition, a group of girls and a group of boys indicated significant difference in physical and personality inferiority.

As a result of analysis on sub-factors of anger by grades, the level of 6th graders is higher than that of 4th graders in frustration toward authorities and frustration about situations. In terms of gender, statically significant difference did not appear in the frustration from expectation, frustration toward authority and frustration about situation but in physical and verbal aggression.

As for the relation between sub-factors of anger and inferiority, there was a statistically significant positive correlation in all the sub-factors of both inferiority and anger: physical, social, intellectual and academic, and personality aspect from inferiority and physical and verbal, expectation, authority and situation aspects from anger. Among the sub-factors of anger, physical and verbal factor was significantly affected by female as a gender perspective and by academic and personality inferiority as one of the sub-factors of inferiority. Frustration from expectations was affected by family and personality inferiority. Frustration toward authorities came from 6th graders and was found to be affected by social, family, and personality inferiority. Frustration about situations was from 6th graders and by social, and personality inferiority.

The findings of this study show that inferiority and its relations with anger have a significant impact on sub-factors of anger. Despite the fact that no studies on relations between inferiority and anger of children in the late childhood have yet been conducted, this study came up with the findings that inferiority is a trait which influences sub-factors of anger. This explains that this study is considered important to serve as a reference for further studies on inferiority and anger.; This study is conducted on children in late childhood to verify different levels of inferiority and anger depending on school grade and gender, the relationship between sub-factors of inferiority and anger, and the impact of inferiority on anger. This paper is designed to provide information for better understanding of inferiority and anger of the children in late childhood, to tackle psychological process of how inferiority triggers anger, and to serve as a useful reference at home and in school.

The issues that this research try to address are as follows : First, general trend of the inferiority and anger level of children in late child hood? Second, what is the effect of inferiority on anger in late childhood?

The survey was conducted at 'B' and 'S' elementary school Gangbuk-gu, in Seoul. As the sample, 126 students from 4th grade, 140 from the 5th, 135 from the 6th and total of 400 elementary students participated. To measure the level of inferiority, the researcher distributed a questionnaire for analysis of 5 types - physical, social, family, intellectual and academic, and personality inferiority. As for measure of anger, the researcher utilized ChIA(Children's Inventory of Anger), to which a self-reporting system for children is applied. SPSS 12.0 was used to analyze the collected information, while ANOVA and t-test were executed for study 1. Correlation, and multiple and hierarchial regression analysis were carried out in study 2. Through all the above-mentioned process, findings are as follows:

Except for family inferiority, children in late childhood showed a statistically significant difference in physical, social, intellectual and academic, and personality inferiority. General level of inferiority of 6th graders was found to be significantly higher than that of 4th and 5th graders. In terms of gender, in addition, a group of girls and a group of boys indicated significant difference in physical and personality inferiority.

As a result of analysis on sub-factors of anger by grades, the level of 6th graders is higher than that of 4th graders in frustration toward authorities and frustration about situations. In terms of gender, statically significant difference did not appear in the frustration from expectation, frustration toward authority and frustration about situation but in physical and verbal aggression.

As for the relation between sub-factors of anger and inferiority, there was a statistically significant positive correlation in all the sub-factors of both inferiority and anger: physical, social, intellectual and academic, and personality aspect from inferiority and physical and verbal, expectation, authority and situation aspects from anger. Among the sub-factors of anger, physical and verbal factor was significantly affected by female as a gender perspective and by academic and personality inferiority as one of the sub-factors of inferiority. Frustration from expectations was affected by family and personality inferiority. Frustration toward authorities came from 6th graders and was found to be affected by social, family, and personality inferiority. Frustration about situations was from 6th graders and by social, and personality inferiority.

The findings of this study show that inferiority and its relations with anger have a significant impact on sub-factors of anger. Despite the fact that no studies on relations between inferiority and anger of children in the late childhood have yet been conducted, this study came up with the findings that inferiority is a trait which influences sub-factors of anger. This explains that this study is considered important to serve as a reference for further studies on inferiority and anger.