도시 지하공간의 영역구성과 공간특성에 관한 연구

Abstract

현대의 도시환경은 인류의 발전과정으로 문명의 질적 진보와 양적 성장을 이룩하였으나, 급속한 경제성장으로 인해 다양한 도시문제들이 노출되었고 이를 완화시킬 해결방안으로 지하공간의 활용이 크게 부각되고 있다. 현재 지하공간은 도시의 잠재력을 극대화시키고 부족한 녹지공간과 한정된 토지를 활용할 수 있는 가능성을 내포한 미래사회의 긍정적인 대처방안으로 활용되고 있다. 최근에는 지하공간에 대한 중요성이 높아져 교통수단이나 보행통로, 상업·문화·교육시설 등 다양한 활동을 지향하는 계획이 시도되고 있으나, 지하 공간 개발에 대한 법적 체제가 미비하고 공간계획에 대한 인식부족으로 저조한 이용률과 지상과의 유기적인 연결이 활성화 되지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 또한 지하공간은 폐쇄적인 느낌, 조망 부족, 부정적 이미지 등 특수한 환경을 지니고 있어서 지상생활에 익숙한 이용자들로 하여금 공포와 불안감을 조성할 수 있으며, 한번 개발되면 복구가 불가능하므로 건축적 관점의 한계점을 실내계획적인 관점으로 다가가 지상과의 공간적 연계를 확보하고, 지하공간의 한계를 극복할 수 있는 이용자의 심리적인 측면을 고려한 공간특성 개발이 필요하다.

이에 본 연구에서는 지하공간의 활용에 대한 중요성을 인식하고, 도시 지하공간의 활성화를 위한 기반을 마련하고자 문헌고찰 및 선행연구를 바탕으로 지하공간의 영역을 분류하고 종합적인 분석항목을 도출하여 도시 지하공간을 효율적으로 활용하기 위한 공간특성을 제안하는데 그 목적이 있다.

본 연구에서는 지하공간과 관련된 10편의 선행연구를 바탕으로 지하공간의 공간특성을 도출하였고, 이를 기반으로 분석틀을 작성한 후 사례조사를 실시하였다. 사례분석을 위한 지하공간의 영역구성은 도시 계획적 차원을 중심으로 분류하였으며, 분석대상은 지하공간의 다양한 활용 측면을 파악하기 위해 비주거 공간의 용도인 상업용도, 교육용도, 문화용도, 복합용도로 그 기준을 제한하고 가장 최근에 개발된 공간으로 선정하였다. 선정된 분석대상은 강남역 지하도상가, 가천대학교 비젼타워, 세종이야기·충무공이야기, 디큐브시티 총 4곳이 선정되었다.

본 연구를 통해서 분석된 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다.

도시 계획적 차원을 중심으로 분류된 지하공간의 영역구성은 경계(Edges)영역에 출입구 및 지상과의 경계범위, 구역(Districts)영역에 분명한 성격을 지닌 실(室), 통로(Paths)영역에 통로 및 연결통로와 수평·수직이동수단, 결절점(Nodes)영역에 내부광장과 주요 교차통로를 비롯한 랜드마크영역의 주변 공간, 랜드마크(Landmarks)영역에 선큰스페이스, 아트리움, 상징적인 오브제 등으로 분류할 수 있다. 이는 도시 지하공간의 공간특성 평가를 효율적으로 분석하기 위한 기반으로 용도별 다르게 배치된 지하공간의 구성을 명확하고 세부적으로 분류하는 영역구성의 기초적인 기준이 될 수 있다.

도시 지하공간의 공간특성 평가를 통해 전체적인 적용률을 종합한 결과 안전성, 접근성, 인지성, 지원성, 쾌적성 순으로 조사되었다. 이는 화재 시 안전계획 및 피난 계획은 법적·제도적인 기준에 의해 양호하게 이루어진 반면, 공간의 쾌적감을 위한 계획인 자연채광 및 유사한 공간 연출과 친환경적 계획은 아직 적용이 미흡하다는 결과로 해석된다.

도시 지하공간에서의 쾌적성은 공간의 구조적인 변화와 시각적 확장감을 통해 이루어졌다. 또한 다양한 설비적측면의 계획으로 공간의 온도, 습도, 환기 등의 쾌적감을 유지하고 있는 반면, 자연채광의 도입과 친환경적 계획은 미흡하게 나타났다. 쾌적한 지하공간의 환경을 유지하기 위해서는 구조적·설비적인 측면뿐만 아니라 선큰스페이스와 아트리움을 활용한 자연채광의 도입과 이와 유사한 조명연출이나 친환경적 요소를 적극 도입하여 인간과 자연간의 관계회복을 위한 환경적인 측면의 계획이 필요하다고 판단된다.

도시 지하공간에서의 접근성은 주변과의 연결을 통해 이루어졌으며, 수평·수직 이동수단인 무빙워크, 에스컬레이터, 엘리베이터 등을 이용한 자연스러운 출입 및 이동계획을 통해 나타났다. 지하공간은 지상에 비해 밀폐되고 고립되어있어 선큰스페이스, 아트리움 등과 같은 개방형구조를 도입하거나 지상과의 이동수단을 적절히 계획하여 접근성을 높이고, 수평·수직적인 상호교류를 통해 지상과의 연계와 더불어 활성화된 공간으로 계획하는 것이 바람직하다고 사료된다.

도시 지하공간에서의 인지성은 다양한 안내간판이나 사인을 이용한 표시체계와 조명연출, 색, 질감, 형태 등의 변화를 통해 공간의 독특한 형상을 제공하고 정체성을 부여하여 쉽게 인지될 수 있도록 계획되어 있었다. 또한 선큰스페이스와 아트리움은 자체가 랜드마크적인 요소로서 식별성과 방향감각 확보에 도움을 주어 위치파악과 길 찾기에 효과적이며, 이용자들의 호기심과 흥미를 자연스럽게 유발하는 것으로 조사되어 지하공간의 개발·계획 시 필히 고려되어야 할 항목이라 판단된다.

도시 지하공간에서의 지원성은 전체적인 공간 배치를 통해 원활한 공간의 교류와 다양한 디자인 계획으로 공간의 미적인 환경을 제공하고 이용자들의 경험과 즐거움을 유도하여 이루어졌다. 휴식 공간 및 휴게시설물은 다소 부족하였으며, 문화 공간 계획 및 다양한 프로그램의 도입은 거의 계획되어지지 않았다. 공간의 원활한 활용을 위해 충분한 휴식 공간을 배치하고 이용자의 편익을 위한 휴게시설의 계획과 문화, 홍보, 전시 등 다양한 프로그램의 도입으로 지상과의 문화적 상호작용을 유도하고 이용자의 교류활동을 높이는 효율적인 공간 계획이 필요하다고 판단된다.

도시 지하공간에서의 안전성은 소화설비, 배연, 방화구획설계 등 화재 시 고려해야 할 안전계획과 명확한 대피로 및 사인으로 피난 및 재난 관리 계획이 적절하게 이루어져 있었으며, 노약자 및 장애인을 위한 엘리베이터, 핸드레일, 점자사인, 휠체어 리프트 등으로 몸이 불편한 이용자들에게 편익을 제공하였다. 또한 CCTV를 이용한 사각지대 관리 및 경보시스템 등을 통하여 범죄예방 계획이 되어있었다. 특히 안전성은 지상공간보다 지하공간에서 필히 확보되어야 할 사항으로 법적·제도적인 계획뿐만 아니라 실질적으로 위험한 상황을 올바르게 대처할 수 있는 철저한 계획이 이루어져야 한다고 판단된다.

본 연구를 통해 도시 지하공간의 영역구성 및 공간특성을 파악하고 지상과의 다양한 연계계획으로 인간 활동영역의 확장 가능성을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 지하공간의 다양한 사례와 이용자의 만족도 및 요구도에 따른 공간특성을 세부적으로 조사하여 보다 객관적이고 전문적인 도시 지하공간의 영역구성 및 공간특성에 관한 후속연구가 필요하다고 사료된다. 이로써 지하공간의 한계를 극복하고 다양한 용도로 활용 될 수 있는 공간으로 활성화시켜 나아가 거주하고 싶은 생활공간으로 계획되어야 할 것이다.| Today, urban environment has achieved the qualitative advance of civilization and also quantitative growth together with the development process of human beings while rapid economic growth exposed various urban problems. As a solution that can relieve them, now the use of underground space is largely magnified. The underground space is a positive countermeasure of the future society, which contains the possibility of using insufficient green space and limited land and maximizes the potential of cities. Even though there have been various attempts to aim for various activities like transportation, pedestrian passages and commercial/cultural/educational facilities as the importance of underground space gets increased, the organic connection with the ground is not vitalized with low utilization rate due to insufficient legal system about development of underground space and lack of cognition in spatial plan. The specific environment of underground space like closed feeling, lack of views and negative images can bring up fear and anxiety to users who are accustomed to living on the ground. Because it is impossible to restore it once underground space is developed, it is necessary to develop characteristics of space in consideration of users' psychological aspect that can overcome the limitations of underground space and to secure spacial connection to the ground by approaching the limitations of architectural viewpoint with the viewpoint of interior design.

The objective of this study is to suggest the characteristics of space to use urban underground space efficiently by classifying the area of underground space and drawing general items for analysis based on literature consideration and precedent researches in order to cognize the importance of using underground space and to prepare for the basis for vitalization of urban underground space.

On the basis of ten precedent researches related to underground space, this study drew the characteristics of underground space, and conducted a case research after creating an analysis framework based on this. The area composition of underground space for case analysis was classified focusing on the level of urban plan. In order to understand various uses of underground space, the most recently developed space was selected as the subjects by limiting the criteria as non-residential area like commercial use, educational use, cultural use and complex use. The selected subjects for analysis are four places including underground shopping area of Gangnam Station, Vision Tower of Gachon University, Sejong Story Chungmugong Story and D-Cube City.

The summary of this analysis results is like below.

The area composition of underground space classified focusing on urban plan can be classified into entrance and edge scope from the ground for edges area, rooms that have distinct characters for districts area, passage/connecting paths and vertical/horizontal transportation for paths area, surrounding space of landmarks area like internal square and main cross-paths for nodes area and sunken space, atrium and symbolic objet for landmarks area. As a basis to efficiently analyze evaluation of characteristics of urban underground space, this can be a basic standard of area composition that thoroughly and clearly classifies underground space which is placed differently for each use.

In the results of putting together the whole application rates through the evaluation of characteristics of urban underground space, it was shown in the order of safety, accessibility, awareness, support and amenity. This can be interpreted that safety & evacuation plans in case of fire are pretty good under the legal/systematic standards while the application of natural light, similar spatial direction and environment-friendly plan which are the plan for amenity of space is still insufficient.

The amenity of urban underground space was done through structural changes of space and visual sense of extension. With various facilities, the amenity like temperature, humidity and ventilation was maintained while introduction of natural light and environment-friendly plan were shown to be insufficient. In order to keep pleasant underground space environment, it would be necessary to have plans in the aspect of environment to recover relationship between humans and nature by actively adopting natural light, similar lightings or environment-friendly elements through using sunken space and atrium on top of structural facilities.

The accessibility in urban underground space was done through connection to surroundings and shown through natural access and movement plan by using vertical/horizontal transportation like moving walk, escalator and elevator. Since underground space is more sealed and isolated than the ground, accessibility to it should be increased by adopting open structure like sunken space and atrium or properly planning transportation to the ground, and also it is advisable to design it as a vitalized space connected to the ground through vertical/horizontal mutual exchanges.

The awareness of urban underground space was planned to be easily recognized by giving identity and providing the space with unique shape through various signs, indicating system based on signs and changes of lightings, color, texture and shape. As an element of landmark, sunken space and atrium were helpful to secure discernment and sense of direction, which were effective on finding roads and understanding the location. As they were found to arouse users' curiosity and interest naturally, they should be considered when developing/planning underground space.

The support of urban underground space was done by inducing users' experience and pleasure and providing aesthetic environment based on various design plans and smooth spatial exchanges through overall spatial placement. The resting areas and lounge facilities were a little insufficient while planning of cultural space and introduction of various programs were not much planned at all. In order for smooth use of space, it would be necessary to have efficient spatial plan that can raise users' exchange activities and induce cultural interaction with the ground by introducing various programs like culture, promotion and exhibit and planning/placing resting facilities for users' convenience.

For the safety of urban underground space, the safety plan including extinguishing facilities, smoke exhaustion and fire compartment design, clear escape, evacuation with signs and disaster management plan were properly done as also providing convenience to disabled users like the old & the infirm and the disabled through elevator, hand-rail, braille sign and wheelchair lift. Also there was a plan to prevent crimes through alarming system and managing blind spots by using CCTV. Because safety should be secured more in underground space than the ground space, it is required to have complete plans that can cope with dangerous situations on top of legal/systematic plans.

Through this study, we were able to understand the characteristics of space and area composition of urban underground space and see the possibility of expanding human's boundary through various plans connected to the ground. However, it would be necessary to have more objective and specialized future studies on characteristics of space and area composition of urban underground space by conducting more in-depth research on characteristics of space in accordance with various cases, users' satisfaction/demands of underground space. By overcoming the limitations of underground space and vitalizing it as a space for various uses, furthermore, it should be planned as a living space that is desired to reside.; Today, urban environment has achieved the qualitative advance of civilization and also quantitative growth together with the development process of human beings while rapid economic growth exposed various urban problems. As a solution that can relieve them, now the use of underground space is largely magnified. The underground space is a positive countermeasure of the future society, which contains the possibility of using insufficient green space and limited land and maximizes the potential of cities. Even though there have been various attempts to aim for various activities like transportation, pedestrian passages and commercial/cultural/educational facilities as the importance of underground space gets increased, the organic connection with the ground is not vitalized with low utilization rate due to insufficient legal system about development of underground space and lack of cognition in spatial plan. The specific environment of underground space like closed feeling, lack of views and negative images can bring up fear and anxiety to users who are accustomed to living on the ground. Because it is impossible to restore it once underground space is developed, it is necessary to develop characteristics of space in consideration of users' psychological aspect that can overcome the limitations of underground space and to secure spacial connection to the ground by approaching the limitations of architectural viewpoint with the viewpoint of interior design.

The objective of this study is to suggest the characteristics of space to use urban underground space efficiently by classifying the area of underground space and drawing general items for analysis based on literature consideration and precedent researches in order to cognize the importance of using underground space and to prepare for the basis for vitalization of urban underground space.

On the basis of ten precedent researches related to underground space, this study drew the characteristics of underground space, and conducted a case research after creating an analysis framework based on this. The area composition of underground space for case analysis was classified focusing on the level of urban plan. In order to understand various uses of underground space, the most recently developed space was selected as the subjects by limiting the criteria as non-residential area like commercial use, educational use, cultural use and complex use. The selected subjects for analysis are four places including underground shopping area of Gangnam Station, Vision Tower of Gachon University, Sejong Story Chungmugong Story and D-Cube City.

The summary of this analysis results is like below.

The area composition of underground space classified focusing on urban plan can be classified into entrance and edge scope from the ground for edges area, rooms that have distinct characters for districts area, passage/connecting paths and vertical/horizontal transportation for paths area, surrounding space of landmarks area like internal square and main cross-paths for nodes area and sunken space, atrium and symbolic objet for landmarks area. As a basis to efficiently analyze evaluation of characteristics of urban underground space, this can be a basic standard of area composition that thoroughly and clearly classifies underground space which is placed differently for each use.

In the results of putting together the whole application rates through the evaluation of characteristics of urban underground space, it was shown in the order of safety, accessibility, awareness, support and amenity. This can be interpreted that safety & evacuation plans in case of fire are pretty good under the legal/systematic standards while the application of natural light, similar spatial direction and environment-friendly plan which are the plan for amenity of space is still insufficient.

The amenity of urban underground space was done through structural changes of space and visual sense of extension. With various facilities, the amenity like temperature, humidity and ventilation was maintained while introduction of natural light and environment-friendly plan were shown to be insufficient. In order to keep pleasant underground space environment, it would be necessary to have plans in the aspect of environment to recover relationship between humans and nature by actively adopting natural light, similar lightings or environment-friendly elements through using sunken space and atrium on top of structural facilities.

The accessibility in urban underground space was done through connection to surroundings and shown through natural access and movement plan by using vertical/horizontal transportation like moving walk, escalator and elevator. Since underground space is more sealed and isolated than the ground, accessibility to it should be increased by adopting open structure like sunken space and atrium or properly planning transportation to the ground, and also it is advisable to design it as a vitalized space connected to the ground through vertical/horizontal mutual exchanges.

The awareness of urban underground space was planned to be easily recognized by giving identity and providing the space with unique shape through various signs, indicating system based on signs and changes of lightings, color, texture and shape. As an element of landmark, sunken space and atrium were helpful to secure discernment and sense of direction, which were effective on finding roads and understanding the location. As they were found to arouse users' curiosity and interest naturally, they should be considered when developing/planning underground space.

The support of urban underground space was done by inducing users' experience and pleasure and providing aesthetic environment based on various design plans and smooth spatial exchanges through overall spatial placement. The resting areas and lounge facilities were a little insufficient while planning of cultural space and introduction of various programs were not much planned at all. In order for smooth use of space, it would be necessary to have efficient spatial plan that can raise users' exchange activities and induce cultural interaction with the ground by introducing various programs like culture, promotion and exhibit and planning/placing resting facilities for users' convenience.

For the safety of urban underground space, the safety plan including extinguishing facilities, smoke exhaustion and fire compartment design, clear escape, evacuation with signs and disaster management plan were properly done as also providing convenience to disabled users like the old & the infirm and the disabled through elevator, hand-rail, braille sign and wheelchair lift. Also there was a plan to prevent crimes through alarming system and managing blind spots by using CCTV. Because safety should be secured more in underground space than the ground space, it is required to have complete plans that can cope with dangerous situations on top of legal/systematic plans.

Through this study, we were able to understand the characteristics of space and area composition of urban underground space and see the possibility of expanding human's boundary through various plans connected to the ground. However, it would be necessary to have more objective and specialized future studies on characteristics of space and area composition of urban underground space by conducting more in-depth research on characteristics of space in accordance with various cases, users' satisfaction/demands of underground space. By overcoming the limitations of underground space and vitalizing it as a space for various uses, furthermore, it should be planned as a living space that is desired to reside.