대천지역 PM10 집중측정을 통한 화학적 특성 및 발생원 규명

Abstract

국문요지

본 연구의 목적은 대천지역의 PM10의 화학성분 농도를 집중측정 분석하여 대천지역의 주변환경과 화학적 특성을 비교하고, 입자 내 유해대기오염물질(이온, 중금속, PAHs, OC/EC)에 대한 발생원을 규명하여 향후 대천지역의 대기질 관리정책에 기초적 자료로 활용하고자 하는 것이다. 연구대상지역의 주변 환경조사를 실시하고 2012년 2월 15일부터 3월 11일까지 집중측정기간을 설정하여 미세먼지(PM10)를 채취․분석을 통하여 미세먼지의 화학성분 특성을 파악하고, 중량농도 및 이온, 중금속, PAHS, 탄소농도를 확인하였다. 또한 대천지역의 주요 배출원 파악과 연관지어 Hysplit modeling을 통한 기류분석과 화학성분의 발생원별 기여도를 파악하기위한 CMB(Chemical Mass Balance) modeling을 수행하여, 미세먼지의 화학성분별 발생원을 규명하여 일부 중금속 물질에 대한 대천지역의 건강위해성평가를 통해 노출수준을 평가하였다. 대천지역의 PM10의 화학성분 조사결과 PM10의 중량농도는 측정기간 동안 50.8±4.2㎍/m3로 조사되었으며 이온성분은 질산(NO3-), 암모늄(NH4+)이온이 각각 1.40±0.49㎍/m3, 2.52±1.81㎍/m3로 두 이온성분이 대부분을 차지하였고 중금속의 경우 Na원소가 5.41±2.43㎍/m3로 가장 많은 비중을 차지하는 것으로 조사되었다. 탄소성분은 OC가 6.31±2.42㎍/m3, EC가 4.10±2.65㎍/m3이며 PAHs는 농도 수준이 미량인 2ng/m3 이하로 조사되었다. PM10의 농도와 기류와의 상관성을 조사하기 위하여 NOAA의 Hysplit model을 이용한 기류의 역궤적 분석결과 1차 집중측정기간(2012. 2. 15∼23)에는 북풍이 지배적이나 점차 여러 방향에서 유입되었으며 2차 집중측정기간(2012. 3. 1∼11)에는 내륙, 해양에서 다양하게 기류가 유입 되었다. 이들 기류와 농도의 상관성분석결과 일부 이온성분(NH4+)과 탄소성분(OC/EC)에서 측정날짜와 기류에 따른 농도의 변화가 나타나는 것으로 국지적 및 장거리 오염원에 영향을 받는 것으로 조사되었다. PM10의 화학성분에 대한 결과를 토대로 CMB 모델을 이용하여 대천지역의 화학성분에 대한 기여율과 발생원을 파악한 결과 자동차와 화석연료연소 오염원 > 해염 > 생물성연소 > 도로먼지 순서로 대천지역의 PM10 화학성분에 영향을 미치는 것은 자동차와 화석연료(60%), 해염(25%)으로 나타났다. 또한 일부중금속(Cr, Ni, As, Ti, Mn)에 대한 건강위해도를 평가한 결과 대상 중금속의 발암위해도가 남․여 모두 EPA에 권고하는 발암성 기준 10-6과 비발암성 기준 ‘1’ 를 각각 초과하지 않는 것으로 조사되어 대천지역의 주민에 대한 건강영향정도를 계략적인 노출수준을 파악할 수 있었다. 이는 본 연구 목적에서 화학적 특성에 따른 기류분석과 발생원 추적 및 기여도평가 결과를 활용하여 미세먼지 연구사례가 없는 대천지역의 향후 대기환경관리 정책에 기초적 자료를 제공 할 수 있다.

|ABSTRACT

Chemical Characteristics and Source Identification through the Intensive Sampling of PM10 at Daechon area

Chungkoo Kim Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School, Hanyang University (Supervised by Professor YoonShin Kim,Dr.H.Sc.,Ph.D.)

The object of the study can be applied as a basical data controlling air pollution policy of Daecheon area in the future, as source identification for hazardous air pollution matter (Ion, Heavy Metal, PAHs and OC/EC) on the particulate correlated between climate circumstances and chemical characteristics through the intensive sampling and analysis of PM10 chemical speciation in the area. First of all the environmental circumstance of the area is looked into such as climate terms, each kinds of emission and secondary pollutants source something like that. And the intensive sampling period is set up from February 15, 2012 to March 11, 2012. Through the sampling and analysis of PM10, the chemical compounds of the coarse particulate are clearly specified and the concentration of Ion, heavy metal, PAHs, OC/EC per weight are found out. In relation with the main sources in Daecheon area the Hysplit modeling has been performed, the modeling of which trace the stream of air and CMB (Chemical Mass Balance) modeling to find out each emission source contribution of chemical speciation has been investigated. Eventually exposure level of health risk assessment for a part of heavy metal has been roughly evaluated in Daecheon area through source identification. In the result of the analysis for PM10 chemical speciation in Daecheon area PM10 concentration is weighted as 50.8±4.2㎍/m3, Ion of NO3- and NH4+ are mostly occupied as 1.40±0.49㎍/m3 and 2.52±1.81㎍/m3 respectively. In case of Heavy metal Na has a high concentration as 5.41±2.43㎍/m3 , OC and EC are shown as 6.31±2.42㎍/m3and 4.10±2.65㎍/m3 each and the concentration of PAHs is average 2ng/m3 below as trace level. In order to look into the correlation between the result of chemical analysis for the sample and the converse wheel track analysis of air stream has been performed by Hysplit Model of NOAA. The intensive first period from Feb. 15 to 23, 2012 has the wind direction oriented from North dominately, and gradually the air stream has been coming from various direction. In the intensive second period from Mar. 1 to 11, 2012 the wind has been blown from the sea and inland variousely. The result of the analysis correlated between air stream and concentration has made a change for a part of ion and Carbon compounds depending on air stream and testing date as the reason why could be affected from a locality and long-term distance pollutant. On the basis of a result of the chemical characteristics the CMB model is performed, in order to check out the ratio of contribution and identification each emission source. The pollutant contributions are ranked as automobile and coal fuel > Sea salt > Biomass > road dust. Automobile and coal fuel, and sea salt are highly shown as 60% and 25% respectively for chemical speciation of PM10 in Daecheon area. As a the result of health risk assessment for Carcinogenic (Cr, Ni, As) and non-Carcinogenic (Ti, Mn), both range of the data are not exceed from US-EPA recommendation level for Male and Female. Therefore, the exposure level of health risk assessment for residence in Daecheon area can be roughly figured out. Through the result of air stream analysis and source identification according to chemical characteristics, the data of the study could be based on the air environmental policy in the future at Daecheon area where does not have any case study for PM10.; ABSTRACT

Chemical Characteristics and Source Identification through the Intensive Sampling of PM10 at Daechon area

Chungkoo Kim Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School, Hanyang University (Supervised by Professor YoonShin Kim,Dr.H.Sc.,Ph.D.)

The object of the study can be applied as a basical data controlling air pollution policy of Daecheon area in the future, as source identification for hazardous air pollution matter (Ion, Heavy Metal, PAHs and OC/EC) on the particulate correlated between climate circumstances and chemical characteristics through the intensive sampling and analysis of PM10 chemical speciation in the area. First of all the environmental circumstance of the area is looked into such as climate terms, each kinds of emission and secondary pollutants source something like that. And the intensive sampling period is set up from February 15, 2012 to March 11, 2012. Through the sampling and analysis of PM10, the chemical compounds of the coarse particulate are clearly specified and the concentration of Ion, heavy metal, PAHs, OC/EC per weight are found out. In relation with the main sources in Daecheon area the Hysplit modeling has been performed, the modeling of which trace the stream of air and CMB (Chemical Mass Balance) modeling to find out each emission source contribution of chemical speciation has been investigated. Eventually exposure level of health risk assessment for a part of heavy metal has been roughly evaluated in Daecheon area through source identification. In the result of the analysis for PM10 chemical speciation in Daecheon area PM10 concentration is weighted as 50.8±4.2㎍/m3, Ion of NO3- and NH4+ are mostly occupied as 1.40±0.49㎍/m3 and 2.52±1.81㎍/m3 respectively. In case of Heavy metal Na has a high concentration as 5.41±2.43㎍/m3 , OC and EC are shown as 6.31±2.42㎍/m3and 4.10±2.65㎍/m3 each and the concentration of PAHs is average 2ng/m3 below as trace level. In order to look into the correlation between the result of chemical analysis for the sample and the converse wheel track analysis of air stream has been performed by Hysplit Model of NOAA. The intensive first period from Feb. 15 to 23, 2012 has the wind direction oriented from North dominately, and gradually the air stream has been coming from various direction. In the intensive second period from Mar. 1 to 11, 2012 the wind has been blown from the sea and inland variousely. The result of the analysis correlated between air stream and concentration has made a change for a part of ion and Carbon compounds depending on air stream and testing date as the reason why could be affected from a locality and long-term distance pollutant. On the basis of a result of the chemical characteristics the CMB model is performed, in order to check out the ratio of contribution and identification each emission source. The pollutant contributions are ranked as automobile and coal fuel > Sea salt > Biomass > road dust. Automobile and coal fuel, and sea salt are highly shown as 60% and 25% respectively for chemical speciation of PM10 in Daecheon area. As a the result of health risk assessment for Carcinogenic (Cr, Ni, As) and non-Carcinogenic (Ti, Mn), both range of the data are not exceed from US-EPA recommendation level for Male and Female. Therefore, the exposure level of health risk assessment for residence in Daecheon area can be roughly figured out. Through the result of air stream analysis and source identification according to chemical characteristics, the data of the study could be based on the air environmental policy in the future at Daecheon area where does not have any case study for PM10.