청소년의 부모애착과 진로성숙도의 발달궤적:자기통제의 종단적 매개효과

Abstract

본 연구는 사회인지진로이론을 바탕으로 청소년의 진로발달을 종단적 과정을 통해 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 선행연구와 이론을 토대로 부모애착과 진로성숙도간의 발달적 관계에서 자기통제의 종단적 매개역할을 가설화하여 연구모형을 설정하였고, 종단자료를 통해 각 변인의 발달궤적을 확인하고, 변인들 간의 직접, 간접적인 영향력을 분석하고자 하였다. 이러한 목적을 위해 한국청소년정책연구원의 한국청소년 패널조사(KYPS)에서 제공하는 청소년패널데이터를 이용하여 횡단적 연구의 한계점을 보완하고 변인들 사이의 발달궤적을 파악할 수 있는 종단분석을 함으로써 부모애착, 자기통제, 진로성숙도의 구조적 관계를 규명하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 PASW Statistics 18.0, Amos 18.0, Mplus 7.0을 이용하여, 단변량잠재성장모형, 자기회귀교차지연모형, 다변량 잠재성장모형을 적용하였다. 본 연구의 대상은 2003년기준 중학교 2학년 학생으로 2006년 고등학교 2학년이 되는 시기까지 조사된 3449명으로 제주지역을 제외한 전국의 청소년이다. 본 연구모형을 분석하기위한 기본적인 절차로 기술통계분석과 상관분석을 실시하였고, 부모애착, 자기통제, 진로성숙도 각 변인에 대한 성장모형을 개발하였고, 이를 결합하여 다변량 잠재성장모형을 구성하였다. 또한 연구모형의 종단적 인과관계 근거를 위한 과정으로 시간적 선행을 검증하기위해 자기회귀교차지연모형을 활용하였다. 마지막으로 변인들간의 직접효과와 간접효과를 확인하였고 Sobel Test를 이용하여 매개효과의 유의성을 검증하였다. 연구문제에 따른 주요 연구결과와 의의를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 청소년의 부모애착, 자기통제, 진로성숙도 각각의 단일변화모형을 통해 중2에서 고2까지 4년간의 상승적인 변화적 추이와 개인차를 확인함으로써 청소년기에 이러한 요소들이 증진되고 있으며 외부 프로그램을 개입하여 충분히 향상시킬 수 있는 요소임을 확인하였다. 둘째, 자기통제가 부모애착과 진로성숙도의 관계에 미치는 영향을 종단적으로 검증함으로써 청소년 초기와 이후 성장하는 기간 동안 이들 관계의 발달적인 차이를 실증적으로 확인하였다. 즉, 청소년 초기에는 부모-자녀관계의 정도가 진로발달에 중요한 작용을 할 수 있지만, 성장해감에 따라 매개적 역할을 하는 청소년 자신 스스로의 자기통제 기능이 오히려 더 강력하게 부각되어야 함을 의미한다. 셋째, 부모애착과 진로성숙도간의 매개역할로 자기통제의 기능이 확인됨에 따라 특히, 변화율의 관계에서 완전매개효과가 입증되었으므로 청소년이 성장하는 중고등학교시기에 매개요인에 대한 적절한 개입으로 진로발달 증진이 가능함에 그 의의가 있다. 따라서 청소년들의 부모애착 수준이 미흡하드라도 외부의 자기통제에 대한 프로그램의 개입효과로 진로발달을 기대할 수 있으므로 상담과 학교장면에 중요한 시사점이 될 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구는 청소년의 진로성숙도가 부모애착과 자기통제의 변화양상에 따라 어떠한 변화를 보이는지 종단적 과정을 통한 확인에서 개인의 자기조절체계인 자기통제의 중요한 역할을 확인하였다. 또한 본 연구는 사회인지진로이론을 바탕으로 환경 맥락적 요인과 개인의 인지적 요인이 어떠한 과정으로 진로성숙도에 영향을 미치는지 종단적 인과관계를 확인함으로써 횡단적 관계를 확장시켜 검증하였다는데 그 의의가 있다. 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 제한점과 후속연구에 대한 제언을 논의하였다. | The purpose of this study was to identify career development as a longitudinal process based on Social Cognitive Career Theory. To accomplish this, the research model in which self-control mediated the relationship among parental attachment and career maturity was built based on previous studies and theories. And this study was also aimed to analyze the developmental trajectories of each variable and the direct and indirect effects among variables using longitudinal data. For this purpose, the study was tried to compensate for the limitations of cross-sectional research using Youth Panel Data provided by Korea Youth Panel Survey (KYPS) of National Youth Policy Institute. The subject of this research was 3,449 adolescents sampled from all regions of Korea except the Jeju region from 8th grade in 2003 to 11th grade in 2006. PASW Statistics 18.0, Amos 18.0 and Mplus 7.0 were used to perform Univariate Latent Growth Modeling, Autoregressive Crosslagged Modeling and Multivariate Latent Growth Modeling applied in this study. Latent growth modeling were applied to analyze intra individual changes in parental attachment, self-control and career maturity and inter individual differences in them. In addition, Autoregressive Crosslagged Model was used to establish the longitudinal causality of temporal precedence in the research model. The direct and indirect effects of variables which are included in the model were analyzed and the significance on mediating effects was validated using Sobel Test. Following summarizes the major findings of this study by research topic: First, LGM analysis revealed that the variance of intercept and slope for parental attachment, self-control and career maturity are significant. And there is significant increase in parental attachment, self-control and career maturity between 8th grades to 11th grade over time. Second, the intercept of parental attachment and self-control has a positive influence on the intercept of career maturity. And only the slope of self-control has a positive influence on the slope of career maturity. Third, the intercept of parental attachment has a positive influence on the intercept of self-control and also the slope of parental attachment has a positive influence on the slope of self-control. But the intercept of parental attachment has a negative influence on the slope of self-control. Fourth, the intercept of self-control has a partial mediation effect between the intercept of parental attachment and career maturity. And the slope of self-control has a total mediation effect between the slope of parental attachment and career maturity. To conclude, parent-child relationship has more significance to career maturity in early adolescence but later on in the adolescence's growth cycle, self-control of the adolescence, which plays the mediating role, emerges as the more important factor. And also it is possible to enhance adolescence's career development by proper interventions in the mediating factors in adolescence. This follows from the establishment of the mediating effect of self-control between parental attachment and career maturity: specifically, the total mediation effect in the rate of change relationship. According to this point of view, since a low level of parental attachment can be compensated by intervention by external programs on self-control to improve career development, counseling in school system takes on added importance. This study established the importance of self-control by longitudinally examining the changes in career maturity of adolescents with respect to their level of parental attachment and self-control. Furthermore, this study extended the findings of the cross-sectional studies by establishing the longitudinal causality in the mechanism through which environment -contextual factors and individual cognitive factors affect career maturity based on Social Cognitive Career Theory. More implications and limitations of this study were discussed along with the suggestions for future studies.; The purpose of this study was to identify career development as a longitudinal process based on Social Cognitive Career Theory. To accomplish this, the research model in which self-control mediated the relationship among parental attachment and career maturity was built based on previous studies and theories. And this study was also aimed to analyze the developmental trajectories of each variable and the direct and indirect effects among variables using longitudinal data. For this purpose, the study was tried to compensate for the limitations of cross-sectional research using Youth Panel Data provided by Korea Youth Panel Survey (KYPS) of National Youth Policy Institute. The subject of this research was 3,449 adolescents sampled from all regions of Korea except the Jeju region from 8th grade in 2003 to 11th grade in 2006. PASW Statistics 18.0, Amos 18.0 and Mplus 7.0 were used to perform Univariate Latent Growth Modeling, Autoregressive Crosslagged Modeling and Multivariate Latent Growth Modeling applied in this study. Latent growth modeling were applied to analyze intra individual changes in parental attachment, self-control and career maturity and inter individual differences in them. In addition, Autoregressive Crosslagged Model was used to establish the longitudinal causality of temporal precedence in the research model. The direct and indirect effects of variables which are included in the model were analyzed and the significance on mediating effects was validated using Sobel Test. Following summarizes the major findings of this study by research topic: First, LGM analysis revealed that the variance of intercept and slope for parental attachment, self-control and career maturity are significant. And there is significant increase in parental attachment, self-control and career maturity between 8th grades to 11th grade over time. Second, the intercept of parental attachment and self-control has a positive influence on the intercept of career maturity. And only the slope of self-control has a positive influence on the slope of career maturity. Third, the intercept of parental attachment has a positive influence on the intercept of self-control and also the slope of parental attachment has a positive influence on the slope of self-control. But the intercept of parental attachment has a negative influence on the slope of self-control. Fourth, the intercept of self-control has a partial mediation effect between the intercept of parental attachment and career maturity. And the slope of self-control has a total mediation effect between the slope of parental attachment and career maturity. To conclude, parent-child relationship has more significance to career maturity in early adolescence but later on in the adolescence's growth cycle, self-control of the adolescence, which plays the mediating role, emerges as the more important factor. And also it is possible to enhance adolescence's career development by proper interventions in the mediating factors in adolescence. This follows from the establishment of the mediating effect of self-control between parental attachment and career maturity: specifically, the total mediation effect in the rate of change relationship. According to this point of view, since a low level of parental attachment can be compensated by intervention by external programs on self-control to improve career development, counseling in school system takes on added importance. This study established the importance of self-control by longitudinally examining the changes in career maturity of adolescents with respect to their level of parental attachment and self-control. Furthermore, this study extended the findings of the cross-sectional studies by establishing the longitudinal causality in the mechanism through which environment -contextual factors and individual cognitive factors affect career maturity based on Social Cognitive Career Theory. More implications and limitations of this study were discussed along with the suggestions for future studies.