시대별 미국 빌보드 차트 상위 곡 가사의 코퍼스 기반 분석

Abstract

국문초록

시대별 미국 빌보드 차트 상위 곡 가사의 코퍼스 기반 분석

한양대학교 대학원 영어콘텐츠개발학과 이 수 진

본 논문 연구의 목적은 팝송 코퍼스와 일반 코퍼스(BNC)의 차이점을 살펴보고, ‘Billboard Hot 100 Year-End’상위 곡을 코퍼스로 분석해서 제목과 가사의 키워드가 가지는 특징과 핵심단어가 내포하는 시대별 의미를 살펴보는 것이다. 위의 목적을 위하여 자료로‘Billboard Hot 100 Year-End’list를 가지고 수집된 총 2,500곡의 제목과 가사를 사용했다. 연구방법은 팝송을 1961년부터 2010년까지 매 10년에 500곡씩 분석하였는데, 제목과 가사를 분리해서 시대별 핵심단어들이 나타내는 공통점과 차이점을 분석하고 또한 그 핵심단어들이 내포하는 정치, 경제, 사회, 문화적인 의미를 살펴보았다. 분석결과는 첫째, 팝송 코퍼스와 일반 코퍼스의 가장 큰 차이점은 보통 기능어가 상위에 위치하는 일반 코퍼스에 비해서 팝송 제목과 가사 코퍼스 모두에서 love가 상위에 나타난다는 것이고 둘째, 팝송 제목에서 love, baby, girl, heart, dance, song, dream, tonight, night이 연대별로 공통적으로 나타난다. 차이점으로 60년대는 서정적, 목가적, 내면적인 단어들이 나타나고, 70년대는 춤 열풍을 짐작할 수 있는 단어가 상위에 나타난다. 80년대는 MTV의 영향으로 선정성을 띤 단어가 등장하기 시작하고, 90년대는 제목이 짧아지기 시작하고, 2000년대는 평이한 단어가 나타난다. 셋째, 팝송의 가사는 love, baby, girl, heart, dance, dream, boy, eye, night이 연대별로 공통적으로 상위에 나타나고 차이점으로 60년대는 서정적, 목가적인 어휘와 시대정신인 반전, 반핵을 표현하는 핵심단어가 나타남을 알 수 있다. 70년대는 dance 열풍과 허무한 fame, 희망의 star를 표현하는 이 시대의 정신을 읽을 수 있다. 80년대는 MTV의 영향으로 가사 핵심어들도 급격히 선정적인 모습을 보이는데 maneater, (love)shack등이 나타난다. 90년대는 Rap, Hip Hop의 영향으로 가사가 길어지고, 흑인들만의 표현 방식으로 더욱 대담해지고, 노골적인 성 표현을 보여주는 핵심어가 나타난다. 2000년대는 미국의 사회적 대혼란 속에서 힙합의 장르가 급격히 증가했는데 마치 이런 풍조를 조롱이라도 하듯이 비속어와 농도 짙은 성 표현, 의미를 알 수 없는 단어의 반복을 나타내는 핵심단어들이 같이 나타남을 볼 수 있었다. 종합해보면 제목과 가사 핵심단어들의 커다란 연대별 차이점을 알 수 있었고 그 핵심단어들이 내포하고 있는 정치, 경제, 문화, 사회적인 쟁점을 읽어낼 수 있었다.| ABSTRACT

A Corpus-Based Lexical Analysis of Popular Billboard Songs

Lee, SuJin The Department of English Course and Materials Development The Graduate School of Hanyang University

The purpose of the present study is to explore the keyword characteristics of the‘Billbaord Hot 100 Year-End’songs from 1961 to 2010, and to examine how the keywords have changed over the years in the political, economic, social and cultural backgrounds in the U.S.A total of 2,500 songs, or 500 songs per decade, were selected from the ‘Billboard Hot 100 Year-End’lists, with the titles and lyrics separately. The resulting corpus was analyzed for descriptive statistics by using WordSmith Tools 5.0. Next, the frequency list and keywords list were run and analyzed in comparison with the British National Corpus (BNC). The analyses were done on the titles and lyrics separately, and on the results per decade. The following is the summary of the results: First, a big difference between pop songs and the BNC in the frequency list is that while most of the high-ranked words in the BNC are function words, the word 'love' and related nouns such as 'baby', 'girl', 'heart', 'night', and 'time' appeared as the high-ranking word in the pop song corpus over all the decades studied. Second, all pronoun forms were high on the frequency list in the BNC, but only the first- and second- person pronouns were high on the list in the pop song corpus. Third, it was found that the keywords of the titles in comparison with the BNC have changed over the decades. Titles of the 1960s were mostly pastoral and romantic ('rain', 'sunshine', 'moon', 'soul'), and those of the 1970s showed the popularity of dance genres ('boogie', 'dance', 'night'). On the other hand, the 1980s began to see titles with sexual words affected by the arrival of the MTV ('lover'). Fourth, the keywords in the lyrics show a similar tendency with the titles. Overall, keywords such as 'love', 'baby', 'girl', and 'heart' appeared in the lyrics over all the decades studied. The keywords of the 1960s are mainly pastoral, anti-war and anti-nuclear, whereas those of the 1970s are dance-related ('boogie', 'jive', 'fever') and nihilistic ('fame'). The 1980s show sexual words such as 'maneater' and '(love)shack', and the keywords of the 1990s are often related to violence, sex, and abuse affected by rap and hip hop ('nigger', 'yippie', 'body', 'thong', and 'biggie'). Finally, the keywords of the 2000s continue to be more sexual and abusive, with often repetitious, meaningless hook words ('womanizer', 'chick', 'hump', 'gangsta' and 'lolli'). In sum, this study has shown that there have been significant differences in the keywords used in the titles and lyrics of the pop songs over the decades, and the keywords reflect the changes in the political, economic, social and cultural conditions at that time.; ABSTRACT

A Corpus-Based Lexical Analysis of Popular Billboard Songs

Lee, SuJin The Department of English Course and Materials Development The Graduate School of Hanyang University

The purpose of the present study is to explore the keyword characteristics of the‘Billbaord Hot 100 Year-End’songs from 1961 to 2010, and to examine how the keywords have changed over the years in the political, economic, social and cultural backgrounds in the U.S.A total of 2,500 songs, or 500 songs per decade, were selected from the ‘Billboard Hot 100 Year-End’lists, with the titles and lyrics separately. The resulting corpus was analyzed for descriptive statistics by using WordSmith Tools 5.0. Next, the frequency list and keywords list were run and analyzed in comparison with the British National Corpus (BNC). The analyses were done on the titles and lyrics separately, and on the results per decade. The following is the summary of the results: First, a big difference between pop songs and the BNC in the frequency list is that while most of the high-ranked words in the BNC are function words, the word 'love' and related nouns such as 'baby', 'girl', 'heart', 'night', and 'time' appeared as the high-ranking word in the pop song corpus over all the decades studied. Second, all pronoun forms were high on the frequency list in the BNC, but only the first- and second- person pronouns were high on the list in the pop song corpus. Third, it was found that the keywords of the titles in comparison with the BNC have changed over the decades. Titles of the 1960s were mostly pastoral and romantic ('rain', 'sunshine', 'moon', 'soul'), and those of the 1970s showed the popularity of dance genres ('boogie', 'dance', 'night'). On the other hand, the 1980s began to see titles with sexual words affected by the arrival of the MTV ('lover'). Fourth, the keywords in the lyrics show a similar tendency with the titles. Overall, keywords such as 'love', 'baby', 'girl', and 'heart' appeared in the lyrics over all the decades studied. The keywords of the 1960s are mainly pastoral, anti-war and anti-nuclear, whereas those of the 1970s are dance-related ('boogie', 'jive', 'fever') and nihilistic ('fame'). The 1980s show sexual words such as 'maneater' and '(love)shack', and the keywords of the 1990s are often related to violence, sex, and abuse affected by rap and hip hop ('nigger', 'yippie', 'body', 'thong', and 'biggie'). Finally, the keywords of the 2000s continue to be more sexual and abusive, with often repetitious, meaningless hook words ('womanizer', 'chick', 'hump', 'gangsta' and 'lolli'). In sum, this study has shown that there have been significant differences in the keywords used in the titles and lyrics of the pop songs over the decades, and the keywords reflect the changes in the political, economic, social and cultural conditions at that time.