단독주택지 담장허물기의 범죄예방 효과 분석

Abstract

우리나라는 산업화와 더불어 급속도로 도시의 수직·수평적 팽창이 이루어졌고 도시화 현상과 더불어 도시범죄도 지속적으로 증가하고 있다. 이러한 급격한 도시의 성장과산업화 사회로 인한 잦은 거주지 이동으로 거주기간의 감소와 이로 인한 커뮤니티 와해가 나타나기 시작했다. 도시민의 대표적 주거유형인 기존의 단독주택지는 열악한 환경이 되었고 이는 결국 불법주차문제, 주거지 유지관리 및 방범 문제 등 주거환경의 질을 저하시키는 문제로 귀결된다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위한 하나의 방법으로 서울시는“GreenParking 사업”을 실시하게 된다. 이 사업 중 가장 큰 요소는 담장이라는 물리적 요소를 제거하고 주차공간과 개방감을 확보하여 주거환경개선을 시행하는 사업이다. 담장허물기는 주차 공간 확보의 목적 외에도 개방감을 확보하고 그로 인한 자연적 감시의 증가 때문에 범죄 예방 설계 기법으로 부합한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 담장의 제거가 범죄예방에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 보려한다. 실질적인 범죄예방 효과를 알아보기 위하여 주거침입 절도로 교도소에 복역 중인 재소자를 대상으로 연구를 진행하였다. 그리고 담장허물기 사업지에서 물리적 요소에 따라 주민들이 느끼는 범죄불안감에 대한 차이를 보고자한다. 우선, 주거침입 절도로 교도소에 복역 중인 재소자를 대상으로 범행 시 고려하는 주변 환경에 대한 것과 담장의 유무에 따른 범행 수월성에 대하여 분석하였다. 분석결과 재소자특성에 따른 범행 시 주변 환경 고려정도에 대해서는 방범시설 여부, 도주용이성, 도주거리, 은폐물 여부, 통행인 감시 등이 분포도 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 우발적 범행 보다는 계획적 범행에서 주변 환경에 대해 고려하는 분포가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 담장의 유무에 따른 범행 수월성 차이에서는 반수 이상이 담장이 있는 장소를 선호 하였다. 또한, 재소자 특성과 주변 환경 고려정도가 담장의 유무에 따른 범행 수월성 판단에 영향을 미치는지 알아보았다. 그 결과 범행동기, 담의 높낮이, 도주거리, 은폐물 여부 등이 영향을 미친다고 나타났다. 담장허물기와 주민 범죄불안감 감소에 대한 분석결과 물리적 요소 중 가시면적과 담장허물기의 연속성이 주민 범죄불안감에 감소에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 자연적 감시의 매개효과 검증 결과는 물리적 요소와 범죄불안감 감소 사이에서 자연적 감시가 부분매개효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 오차항 추출을 통하여 물리적 요소의 직·간접 효과를 분석한 결과 가시면적은 직·간접효과가 절반정도로 비슷하게 나타났고 연속성은 자연적 감시를 통한 간접효과 보다는 물리적 변화로 인한 직접적인 효과가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 주거침입 절도 경력이 있는 재소자를 상대로 담장허물기 사업이 범죄예방에 효과가 있는지를 알아본 것과 담장허물기로 인하여 변한 물리적 요소에 따라 주민들의 범죄 불안감 감소에 차이가 있는지를 실증분석 한 것에서 그 의의를 찾을 수 있을 것이다. 한편, 범죄 데이터 활용과 CCTV등 방범시설 측면을 고려하지 못한 것이 아쉬운 부분이다. 또한, 홍은3동 지역에 국한 된 연구이기 때문에 분석결과의 일반화를 위해서는 향후 확대된 연구결과가 이어져야 할 것이다.| Korea has achieved rapid vertical and horizontal expansions in cities along with industrialization. Urbanization and urban crimes are also on the rise. Due to frequent changes in residence caused by this kind of rapid growth of cities and industrialized societies, reduction in one’s residence period and deterioration of communities are occurring. Detached house areas, which was the representative type of housing used by the urban population, has now become a part of a poor environment, and this has caused problems that lower the quality of residential environment, such as illegal parking, residence maintenance, and crime prevention measures. To solve these problems, Seoul has come to implement the “Green Parking Project.” The main idea of this project is to remove physical elements such as walls to obtain additional parking space and openness, which will then improve the residential environment. Wall removal does not only provide additional parking space, but also establish a sense of openness that will increase natural surveillance, which coincides with crime prevention design methods. As such, this study aims to see how removing walls influences crime prevention. To observe the actual crime prevention effects, we conducted this study on prisoners who have been imprisoned for burglary. Also, we will report the differences in fear of crime within the local population according to changes in the physical elements at the wall removal site. First, we analyzed what elements of the surrounding environment the prisoners considered while committing their crime, and the differences in the ease of the crime according to the existence of walls. The analysis results showed differences in distribution of the answers for the degree of consideration of the surrounding environment while committing crime, from the existence of crime prevention facilities, ease of escape, escape distance, existence of cover, and surveillance of pedestrians, according to the characteristics of the prisoners. Especially, premeditated crimes considered the surrounding environment more than accidental crimes. As for the differences in ease of crime according to the existence of walls, more than half of the participants preferred places with walls. We also studied if the characteristics of the prisoners and the degree of consideration of the surrounding environment influenced the judgement of the ease of crime according to the existence of walls. The results showed that motives of the crime, escape distance, and existence of cover has a positive influence. The analysis results of the wall removal and the reduction in fears of crime among the local population showed that, out of the physical elements, the size of visible areas and the continuity of the wall removal influenced the reduction in fear of crime among the local population. As for the results of the verification of the mediation effect of natural surveillance, natural surveillance showed partial mediation between physical elements and the reduction of fear of crimes. Lastly, after analyzing the direct and indirect effects of the physical elements by extracting the error terms, the direct and indirect effect of the size of visible areas were equally balanced. For the continuity, the direct effect caused by physical changes was larger than the indirect effect through natural surveillance. The significance of this research can be found in the fact that it conducted a positive analysis on prisoners with a history of burglary regarding whether the wall removal project is effective in preventing crime, and whether the fear of crime among the local population differs according to the physical elements changed by the wall removal project. On the other hand, the shortcoming of this research is that it did not consider utilizing crime data and the crime prevention facilities, such as CCTV. Also, an expanded study is required to generalize the results of this analysis, as this study is limited to Hongeun 3-dong.; Korea has achieved rapid vertical and horizontal expansions in cities along with industrialization. Urbanization and urban crimes are also on the rise. Due to frequent changes in residence caused by this kind of rapid growth of cities and industrialized societies, reduction in one’s residence period and deterioration of communities are occurring. Detached house areas, which was the representative type of housing used by the urban population, has now become a part of a poor environment, and this has caused problems that lower the quality of residential environment, such as illegal parking, residence maintenance, and crime prevention measures. To solve these problems, Seoul has come to implement the “Green Parking Project.” The main idea of this project is to remove physical elements such as walls to obtain additional parking space and openness, which will then improve the residential environment. Wall removal does not only provide additional parking space, but also establish a sense of openness that will increase natural surveillance, which coincides with crime prevention design methods. As such, this study aims to see how removing walls influences crime prevention. To observe the actual crime prevention effects, we conducted this study on prisoners who have been imprisoned for burglary. Also, we will report the differences in fear of crime within the local population according to changes in the physical elements at the wall removal site. First, we analyzed what elements of the surrounding environment the prisoners considered while committing their crime, and the differences in the ease of the crime according to the existence of walls. The analysis results showed differences in distribution of the answers for the degree of consideration of the surrounding environment while committing crime, from the existence of crime prevention facilities, ease of escape, escape distance, existence of cover, and surveillance of pedestrians, according to the characteristics of the prisoners. Especially, premeditated crimes considered the surrounding environment more than accidental crimes. As for the differences in ease of crime according to the existence of walls, more than half of the participants preferred places with walls. We also studied if the characteristics of the prisoners and the degree of consideration of the surrounding environment influenced the judgement of the ease of crime according to the existence of walls. The results showed that motives of the crime, escape distance, and existence of cover has a positive influence. The analysis results of the wall removal and the reduction in fears of crime among the local population showed that, out of the physical elements, the size of visible areas and the continuity of the wall removal influenced the reduction in fear of crime among the local population. As for the results of the verification of the mediation effect of natural surveillance, natural surveillance showed partial mediation between physical elements and the reduction of fear of crimes. Lastly, after analyzing the direct and indirect effects of the physical elements by extracting the error terms, the direct and indirect effect of the size of visible areas were equally balanced. For the continuity, the direct effect caused by physical changes was larger than the indirect effect through natural surveillance. The significance of this research can be found in the fact that it conducted a positive analysis on prisoners with a history of burglary regarding whether the wall removal project is effective in preventing crime, and whether the fear of crime among the local population differs according to the physical elements changed by the wall removal project. On the other hand, the shortcoming of this research is that it did not consider utilizing crime data and the crime prevention facilities, such as CCTV. Also, an expanded study is required to generalize the results of this analysis, as this study is limited to Hongeun 3-dong.