조선시대 왕실예제 정비에 따른 ‘여(廬)’의 건축형태 변화에 관한 연구

Abstract

조선시대 국가 의례는 시기에 따라 변화하며 그에 맞게 정비되는 양상을 가진다. 의례 정비 과정 중 많은 부분을 차지하고 있는 것이 흉례에 대한 재고이며, 태조부터 순종에 이르기까지 왕실에서 행해지는 국상의 변화 양상은 흉례 정비 과정과 일치한다. 국왕의 예제 인식은 이러한 의례 정비 과정에 따라 변화하는 양상을 보이는데 이는 국왕의 생활과 밀접하게 닿아있는 여(廬)를 통하여 살펴볼 수 있다. 여(廬)는 부모의 상중에 상주(喪主)가 집상(執喪)하여 애척(哀戚)의 정성을 행하는 곳으로 거상(居喪)의 예에 있어 중요한 도리로 규정되었다. 조선왕조 국상 의례 정비에 따라 여(廬)에 대한 인식이 변화하고, 건축형태 또한 변화하는데 이는 의례 정비 과정과 일치하며 국왕의 인식으로도 대변될 수 있다. 본 논문은『조선왕조실록』을 비롯한 여러 문헌사료를 기준으로 의례 정비에 따른 국상에서 여(廬)의 이용 양상을 분류하였고, 이를 토대로 인식과 건축형태의 변천과정을 살펴보았다. 또한 궁궐도를 비롯한 도상자료와 사진자료를 통하여 실제 여(廬)의 형태를 추정해 보았고, 나아가 궁궐도 상에서 기존에 규명되지 못했던 전각들을 파악할 수 있는 계기가 되었다. 조선 건국 후 국왕의례의 절차는 유교식을 표방하였지만 고려의 제도를 답습했다. 왕실의 상례에 대한 절차는 이미 고려 말 『주자가례』의 수용과 함께 흉례로 규정되어 행용(行用)되었고 조선 초까지 전래되었다. 이후 법제의 정립과 함께 세종대에「오례의」성립을 기반으로 성종시기에 『국조오례의』가 편찬되었다. 태조 국상에 여(廬)가 설치되었고 국왕은 국상기간에 여(廬)에서 머물면서 생활하였다. 여(廬)의 형태는 고제를 충실히 따른 형태로 나타나는데 움막의 형상을 한 가설건축물로 흔히 여막(廬幕)으로 알려져 있는 형태와 흡사하다. 여(廬)에 대한 인식 또한 고제(古制)를 따라 행해졌는데, 국왕의 안위보다 부모에 대한 거상의 예를 우선시하였다. 예제 정립 이후 정희왕후 윤씨(貞熹王后尹氏)가 온양(溫陽)에서 승하함에 따라 국가 의례의 이례적(異例的) 상황이 생겨나게 되고, 실정(實情)에 맞게 예제를 변통하게 된다. 이후 사화와 반정으로 인한 의례 설행의 역행단계를 거쳐 삼년상제가 회복되고 국상이 발생함에 따라 선대의 예법을 차용하게 된다. 이때 정희왕후 때의 이례적 국상절차의 답습으로 인하여 국가 변례(變例)가 일반화 되어 사용되고 이로 인하여 여(廬)에 대한 인식이 변화하게 된다. 더불어 거상기간에 국왕이 여(廬)에서 병을 얻고 그로 인하여 승하하면서 예법을 중요시 여겼던 인식이 국왕의 안위를 더 우선시 하게 된다. 그에 따라 국왕의 여(廬)의 형태는 거상기간 중 편히 생활할 수 있게 움막 형태의 가설건축물에서 궐내에 위치한 전각으로 대체되어 사용된다. 변례의 과정을 거치면서 국왕의 거려처(居廬處)가 전각으로 정착되고 거려청(居廬廳)의 개념이 생기게 된다. 이후 왕권의 강화와 사회질서의 재정비 등으로 인하여 법제를 새로 갖추게 되는데 성리학적 명분을 보다 강조하여 예제를 정비한다. 그 과정에서 숙종시기 상례 공간이 정착되고 영조시기에 상례의 재정비와 『국조상례보편』이 편찬된다. 이로 인하여 상례의 절차는 고제를 답습하되 실정에 맞게 개정되었으며 여(廬) 또한 이전의 전각으로 대체되었던 형태에서 고제를 반영한 초가의 형태를 가지게 된다. 이후 상례에서 나타나는 여(廬)의 형태는 영조시기에 개정된 초가의 형태가 고착화 되며 고종시기 경복궁 중건이후 상례 전용 공간의 조성과 함께 국왕의 거려 전용 공간인 빈전 거려청(殯殿 居廬廳), 혼전 거려청(魂殿 居廬廳)이 각각 등장하게 된다. 결론적으로 조선시대 여(廬)의 변화는 예제의 변화에 따라 ‘움막의 가설건축물 형태 - 전각으로 대체된 형태 - 초가의 형태’로 나타나며 이는 왕실에서 행해지는 국상에서만 볼 수 있는 특징으로 당시 국왕의 예제에 대한 인식과 일치하여 나타난다. 또한 ‘상례 정비 – 국상 의례의 변례발생 – 상례 재정비’의 시기구분은 여(廬)의 변화뿐만 아니라 조선시대를 이해하는데 있어 기존의 시기구분과 다른 시점을 야기함으로 건축역사연구에 다양한 방법론을 제시한다.|The royal rituals was changed and organized in the Joseon Dynasty. A generous portion in the process was precisely the reconsideration of funeral ceremonies. The aspect of transition about national mourning from the first king of the Joseon Dynasty to Sunjong(純宗) coincided the maintenance process of funeral ceremonies. A king's awareness about national mourning changed by the transition of royal rituals. Following that, there are the materials examining Yeo(廬) what was also closely related a life of king. Yeo(廬) is the place where a chief mourner do the best for providing a important duty for parents during the period of mourning. In the Joseon Dynasty. Consequentially, reorganizing royal rituals of Joseon Dynasty had an effect on changing awareness about Yeo(廬) and construction type. So that aspect indicated king's awareness. This research catalogued the using pattern of Yeo(廬) in national mourning on the basis of many literature materials including the true record of the Joseon Dynasty. By the transition of the maintenance process of the royal rituals, there are also the construction type and awareness of Yeo(廬) in this research. From picture materials and other materials including Donggwoldo(東闕圖), this research estimated the construction type of Yeo(廬) and figure some buildings in Donggwoldo(東闕圖) what weren't investigated out. In the early Joseon Dynasty, the procedure of royal rituals claimed to sand for the Confucian culture but also followed the Korean Dynasty's rituals. The bier funeral of king was already accepted the Korean Dynasty's rituals and used to the early the Joseon Dynasty with bringing in the customary formalities of a family written by Juja(朱子). Gukjooryeui(國朝五禮儀) was published in the reign of king Sejong(世宗) on the basis on Oryeui(五禮儀) with correcting the laws about royal rituals. Yeo(廬) was installed and king lived there during the national mourning of king Taejo(太祖). The form of Yeo(廬) followed on and old law faithfully. The form was similar to the firm of Yeomak(廬幕) which is a temporary construction such as a mud hut. The awareness of Yeo(廬) also conformed on an old law. For aspect, the proprieties for parents took priority over a safety of king. After the death of Jeonghiwanghu(貞熹王后), the exceptional condition happened in the rituals of national mourning. The exceptional rituals changed following the real states of things. the mourning for three years was recovered and derived from the previous manners by the political event. Finally that procedure made the transition of the royal rituals generalize. Also the aspect made a safety of king took priority over the proprieties for parents. Instead of a temporary construction, there was a building in a palace where king can facilitate during a period of mourning. So Georyoucheong(居廬廳) became established and was formed. The new made system by reinforcing the king's authority and reorganization og public order emphasized the view of confucianism in the late Joseon Dynasty. The space of funeral rites established oneself in the royal rituals in the period of king Sukjong(肅宗). Gukjosangryebopyeon(國朝喪禮補編) was published and reorganized the bier funeral in the eriod of king Yeongjo(英祖). Duo to the stages, the procedure of bier funeral followed the same methods as before but reorganized by the real states of things. Yeo(廬) also formed by thatched house replacing a building in a palace before. So the form like thatched house changed the building in the period of king Yeongjo(英祖) became permanent after the reconstruction of Kyeongbokgung(景福宮). The exclusive place for a bief funeral was constructed as Binjeon Georyoucheong(殯殿 居廬廳) and Honjeon Georyoucheong(魂殿 居廬廳) where king live during for a bier funeral. In its final analysis, the transition of Yeo(廬) appeared 'a temporary construction such as a mud hut - a building in a palace - a form like thatched house' gradually by the changing of royal rituals. The aspect of transition coincided the awareness about the national mourning in the Joseon Dynasty in part of royal mourning especially. The period classification from 'the organized bier funeral - the exceptional rituals - the reconsideration of funeral ceremonies' can research transition of Yeo(廬) and suggest various methodology by bringing on the other point of view unlike the period classification before.; The royal rituals was changed and organized in the Joseon Dynasty. A generous portion in the process was precisely the reconsideration of funeral ceremonies. The aspect of transition about national mourning from the first king of the Joseon Dynasty to Sunjong(純宗) coincided the maintenance process of funeral ceremonies. A king's awareness about national mourning changed by the transition of royal rituals. Following that, there are the materials examining Yeo(廬) what was also closely related a life of king. Yeo(廬) is the place where a chief mourner do the best for providing a important duty for parents during the period of mourning. In the Joseon Dynasty. Consequentially, reorganizing royal rituals of Joseon Dynasty had an effect on changing awareness about Yeo(廬) and construction type. So that aspect indicated king's awareness. This research catalogued the using pattern of Yeo(廬) in national mourning on the basis of many literature materials including the true record of the Joseon Dynasty. By the transition of the maintenance process of the royal rituals, there are also the construction type and awareness of Yeo(廬) in this research. From picture materials and other materials including Donggwoldo(東闕圖), this research estimated the construction type of Yeo(廬) and figure some buildings in Donggwoldo(東闕圖) what weren't investigated out. In the early Joseon Dynasty, the procedure of royal rituals claimed to sand for the Confucian culture but also followed the Korean Dynasty's rituals. The bier funeral of king was already accepted the Korean Dynasty's rituals and used to the early the Joseon Dynasty with bringing in the customary formalities of a family written by Juja(朱子). Gukjooryeui(國朝五禮儀) was published in the reign of king Sejong(世宗) on the basis on Oryeui(五禮儀) with correcting the laws about royal rituals. Yeo(廬) was installed and king lived there during the national mourning of king Taejo(太祖). The form of Yeo(廬) followed on and old law faithfully. The form was similar to the firm of Yeomak(廬幕) which is a temporary construction such as a mud hut. The awareness of Yeo(廬) also conformed on an old law. For aspect, the proprieties for parents took priority over a safety of king. After the death of Jeonghiwanghu(貞熹王后), the exceptional condition happened in the rituals of national mourning. The exceptional rituals changed following the real states of things. the mourning for three years was recovered and derived from the previous manners by the political event. Finally that procedure made the transition of the royal rituals generalize. Also the aspect made a safety of king took priority over the proprieties for parents. Instead of a temporary construction, there was a building in a palace where king can facilitate during a period of mourning. So Georyoucheong(居廬廳) became established and was formed. The new made system by reinforcing the king's authority and reorganization og public order emphasized the view of confucianism in the late Joseon Dynasty. The space of funeral rites established oneself in the royal rituals in the period of king Sukjong(肅宗). Gukjosangryebopyeon(國朝喪禮補編) was published and reorganized the bier funeral in the eriod of king Yeongjo(英祖). Duo to the stages, the procedure of bier funeral followed the same methods as before but reorganized by the real states of things. Yeo(廬) also formed by thatched house replacing a building in a palace before. So the form like thatched house changed the building in the period of king Yeongjo(英祖) became permanent after the reconstruction of Kyeongbokgung(景福宮). The exclusive place for a bief funeral was constructed as Binjeon Georyoucheong(殯殿 居廬廳) and Honjeon Georyoucheong(魂殿 居廬廳) where king live during for a bier funeral. In its final analysis, the transition of Yeo(廬) appeared 'a temporary construction such as a mud hut - a building in a palace - a form like thatched house' gradually by the changing of royal rituals. The aspect of transition coincided the awareness about the national mourning in the Joseon Dynasty in part of royal mourning especially. The period classification from 'the organized bier funeral - the exceptional rituals - the reconsideration of funeral ceremonies' can research transition of Yeo(廬) and suggest various methodology by bringing on the other point of view unlike the period classification before.