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日本語の自他動詞の判断規則

Title
日本語の自他動詞の判断規則
Other Titles
Rule of The Judgement of Transitive and Intransitive : By the Investigation for the Korean Learner who Study Japanese
Author
오오쿠사미노루
Alternative Author(s)
Ohkusa, Minoru
Advisor(s)
이강민
Issue Date
2015-08
Publisher
한양대학교
Degree
Master
Abstract
日本語抄録  本研究は、日本語学習者が自動詞と他動詞を形から判断して見分けることができるように、分かりやすい識別法を提示することを目的とするものである。日本語の動詞は、「開く:開ける」のようにその多くで自動詞と他動詞が対応している。学習者は習った動詞が自動詞であるか他動詞であるかの判断を経験から推測することは難しいため、動詞の形態から判断することができる識別法が教育されるべきである。しかし、必須学習項目であるのにもかかわらず、動詞が形態から活用形を判断する教育が普及しているのに比べ、自他動詞については例外が多いために形態から判断する明確な規準が教育されているとは言いがたく、上級に至っても自他を混用する学習者が多い。  日韓の日本語テキスト14冊における動詞の自他の識別法に関する記述を調査したところ、形態素や活用型による分類等の識別法について幾らかの解説があるものもあったが、各社それぞれ記述はまったくまちまちであった。  そこで、基本的な自他分類の原則として多くのテキストで挙げられている、「他動詞は前に助詞『を』必要とする」という条件が学習者の自他判断の基準として妥当かどうかを見るため、自動詞がそれぞれ助詞「を」を補語に取りうるかどうかを調査した。すると、89の自動詞が該当し、初学者の自他判断としては例外が多すぎると言え、心もとないものであることが分かった。  自他の区別の一般法則では、形態素「-u:-eru」の対立を持つ自他動詞の組の一部で、自他が逆転する例外が多く存在することが、多くの研究者および学習者の悩みとなってきた。これらの一部の動詞について、金谷武洋(2002)及び天野修治(2004)では「対象を欠損させる意味を持つ動詞」と明らかにし、天野は「五分類自他識別法」で自他の区別をできるように打ち立てた。ただこれはこのままでは分かりにくいと思われたため、筆者はこれを整理し、例外動詞を加えた「すレアくえ5段階自他識別法」を提案し、この効果を測定すべく、韓国人学習者向けにテスト及びアンケート調査を行った。結果は、一定の効果が認められるものであったが、誤答が増えるなどの逆作用も見られ、学習者向けにさらに分かりやすいものにする必要性が残されていることが分かった。また、識別法の中で例外とされているものほど、正答率が低いことも確認された。動詞の自他を数段階のチェックで判断できる識別法として、日本語学習者の助けとなることが期待されるが、残念ながら自動詞同士、他動詞同士の対立がある場合については有効ではない。そのため、基本的学習項目として、基本的形態素の特徴の教育が必要ではないかと提案した。  また、自他動詞の対の中には、文脈によって自他が対応しないものが存在するため、各動詞によってどのような対応関係があるのかを個別に覚えなければならないが、そのような解説がされている辞典はほとんど見ることができない。そこで、インターネットやスマートフォンアプリを用いて、ある動詞がどのような自他の対応があり、どのような使われ方をし、どういう注意点が必要であるかを教えてくれる無料辞典を学習者向けに開発する必要性を訴えた。  動詞の自他は、単語として自他を区別するとともに、文脈の中で日本語らしい自他の選択をすることが重要であるが、ここが日本語学習者にとって習得しにくく、間違いを犯しやすい部分となっている。そのため、まず単語単位で明確に自他の区分を習得した上でこそ、日本人の自他の使い分けについてしっかり学ぶことができるであろう。この「すレアくえ5段階自他識別法」が学習者の自他の区分の助けとなることを期待する。 |韓国語抄録(국문요지)  본 연구는 한국인 일본어 학습자가 자동사와 타동사를 형태로부터 판단하여 쉽게 구분할 수 있는 식별법을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 일본어에서 대부분의 동사는 ‘開く:開ける’와 같이 자동사와 타동사가 대응하고 있다. 학습자는 배운 동사가 자동사인지 타동사인지 판단함에 있어 경험만으로 추측하기에는 어려움이 있기 때문에 동사의 형태만으로도 판단할 수 있는 구분법이 교육되어야 할 것이다. 그러나 동사의 활용형은 형태만으로 구분할 수 있는 교육법이 시행되고 있는데 비하여 자타동사의 구분은 필수 학습 항목임에도 불구하고 예외가 많기 때문에 형태를 보고 판단하는 어떠한 명확한 기준이 교육되고 있다고 하기는 어렵고 상급자임에도 자타 동사를 혼용하는 학습자들이 많다. 한일 양국의 일본어 텍스트 14권에서 동사 자타 식별법에 대한 기술을 조사한 결과, 형태소나 활용형에 의한 분류 등 식별법에 관한 어느 정도의 해설이 있는 교재도 있었지만 각 출판사마다 기술 내용은 저마다 조금씩 차이를 보이고 있다. 따라서 기본적인 자타 분류 원칙으로 많은 교재에서 다루고 있듯이 ‘타동사는 앞에 조사 「を」가 필요하다’는 조건이 과연 학습자의 자타 판단 기준으로 타당한지를 살펴보기 위하여 자동사가 각각 조사「を」를 보어로 취할 수 있는지 조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과 89개 자동사가 여기에 해당하며 초급자의 자타인식 기준으로 하기에는 예외가 적지 않음을 확인할 수 있었다. 자타구분에 관한 일반법칙을 적용할 경우 형태소 ‘-u:-eru’의 대립을 갖는 자타동사 짝의 일부에서 예외적으로 자타가 반대인 경우가 다수 존재한다는 것이 많은 연구자·학습자들의 고민의 대상이었다. 이러한 일부 동사에 대하여 金谷武洋(2002) 및 天野修治(2004)에서는 ‘대상을 결손시키는 동사’로 규명하였고 天野는 ‘5분류 자타식별법’으로 자타 동사의 구별을 할 수 있다고 주장하였다. 그러나 그것만으로는 학습자들이 좀처럼 판단하기 어려울 것이라고 생각되었기 때문에 이것을 정리하여 예외동사를 추가한 ‘su-re-a-ku-e 5단계 자타 식별법’을 제안하여 이 식별법의 효과를 측정하기 위하여 한국인 학습자를 대상으로 테스트 및 앙케이트 조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과 어느 정도 효과는 있었으나 오답이 많아진 동사도 있는 등 역효과도 나타나 학습자를 위해 더욱 알기 쉽게 개선할 필요성이 남아있다는 점이 드러났다. 또한 식별법에서 예외로 규정되어 있는 동사일수록 자타구분의 정답률이 낮게 나타난다는 것을 확인하였다. 이는 동사의 자타를 몇 가지 단계로 나누어 구분할 수 있는 식별법으로써 일본어 학습자들에게 도움이 될 것으로 기대되지만 자동사끼리 또는 타동사끼리의 대립이 있는 동사의 경우에는 유효하지 않다는 약점이 있다. 따라서 본고에서는 기본적인 학습 항목으로 기본적 형태소의 특징에 관한 교육의 필요성을 제시하였다. 또한 자타동사의 짝 중에는 문맥에 따라 자타가 대응하지 않는 경우도 존재하므로 각 동사마다 어떠한 대응관계를 이루고 있는지 개별적으로 기억해야 하는데 그러한 해설이 실려 있는 사전은 찾아보기 어렵다. 따라서 인터넷이나 스마트폰 어플리케이션을 사용하여 어느 동사에 어떠한 자타 대응이 있고 어떠한 쓰임새를 보이며 어떠한 주의점이 필요한가를 제시해 주는 무료 사전을 학습자용으로 개발할 필요가 있다고 생각된다. 단어만으로 자타를 구별하는 것과 문맥 속에서 일본어다운 자타 선택을 하는 것은 중요하지만 일본어 학습자는 이 부분을 습득하기 어렵기 때문에 틀리기 쉽다는 것이 문제시되고 있다. 우선적으로 단어 단위로 명확하게 자타 구분을 습득하여야만 일본인의 자타 구분에 대하여 확실히 학습할 수 있다고 생각되기 때문에 본고에서 제안한 ‘su-re-a-ku-e 5단계 자타식별법’이 학습자들의 자타 구분에 도움이 되리라 기대한다. |ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to make it easier to judge which verb we should use between verbs such as transitive and intransitive from the shape of the contexts. Japanese verbs have two ways to use between transitive and intransitive verbs, for example “あく” and “あける”(Open). For the Japanese learner, it’s difficult to judge from experience, therefore there should be some structures to decide which verb should be used in the sentences. Even though, this subject is a must study, there is not enough research and study to introduce exact guidelines and it’s very confusing for the learners, including the advanced level students, because there are a lot of exceptions. From the research of 14 books of Korean Japanese textbooks, we could find some guide lines but each one of them has different explanations regarding to how to choose transitive and intransitive verbs. There are many books to suggest following the rules, such as transitive verbs require having “を(wo)”, one of Japanese particles, case markers. Then we researched if it’s true, but there are 89 intransitive verbs require having “を(wo)” as well and too many exceptions are existing and don’t help to judge which to choose for the beginners of Japanese leaners. By the general rule to identify transitive and intransitive verbs, morpheme “-u:” and” -eru” are one of the pairs which can be switched from the normal structure, for the exceptions. This has been a trouble for learners. The essays written by Mr. Kanatani in 2002 and Mr. Amano in 2004 identified that “those are the verbs which have meanings to destroy or decrease the objectives“. Mr. Amano introduced the method that you can identify transitive and intransitive verbs by “5 category transitive and intransitive method”. However, it seems like it’s not clear yet so the writer created “SU RE A KU E 5 steps transitive and intransitive judgement”, after adding some exceptional examples. Then we had surveys among Korean Japanese learners. It turned out that some works well but on the other hand, some increase the misleading, this guide line is not completed yet and needs to be fixed. Also, the examples which are shown as exceptions are more likely not leading students to get the correct answers. Unfortunately, it doesn’t work if it’s the pair of transitive nor intransitive. Therefore, we advised in the essay to create a free dictionary for the learners by using internet or smart phone applications, to introduce what we need to be careful of to choose the verb correctly or what kind of examples can be happen between transitive and intransitive verbs. It is crucial to choose which verbs need to be used by judging based on the words but also at the same time, it needs to make sense with the sentences. But this brings some issues to the Japanese learners. First of all, it will be very helpful to understand which to choose by completing the study of the words itself, and the learners can learn deeply understand how Japanese people choose the verbs correctly, so I strongly hope that this “SU RE A KU E 5 steps transitive and intransitive judgement” will help the learners.; ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to make it easier to judge which verb we should use between verbs such as transitive and intransitive from the shape of the contexts. Japanese verbs have two ways to use between transitive and intransitive verbs, for example “あく” and “あける”(Open). For the Japanese learner, it’s difficult to judge from experience, therefore there should be some structures to decide which verb should be used in the sentences. Even though, this subject is a must study, there is not enough research and study to introduce exact guidelines and it’s very confusing for the learners, including the advanced level students, because there are a lot of exceptions. From the research of 14 books of Korean Japanese textbooks, we could find some guide lines but each one of them has different explanations regarding to how to choose transitive and intransitive verbs. There are many books to suggest following the rules, such as transitive verbs require having “を(wo)”, one of Japanese particles, case markers. Then we researched if it’s true, but there are 89 intransitive verbs require having “を(wo)” as well and too many exceptions are existing and don’t help to judge which to choose for the beginners of Japanese leaners. By the general rule to identify transitive and intransitive verbs, morpheme “-u:” and” -eru” are one of the pairs which can be switched from the normal structure, for the exceptions. This has been a trouble for learners. The essays written by Mr. Kanatani in 2002 and Mr. Amano in 2004 identified that “those are the verbs which have meanings to destroy or decrease the objectives“. Mr. Amano introduced the method that you can identify transitive and intransitive verbs by “5 category transitive and intransitive method”. However, it seems like it’s not clear yet so the writer created “SU RE A KU E 5 steps transitive and intransitive judgement”, after adding some exceptional examples. Then we had surveys among Korean Japanese learners. It turned out that some works well but on the other hand, some increase the misleading, this guide line is not completed yet and needs to be fixed. Also, the examples which are shown as exceptions are more likely not leading students to get the correct answers. Unfortunately, it doesn’t work if it’s the pair of transitive nor intransitive. Therefore, we advised in the essay to create a free dictionary for the learners by using internet or smart phone applications, to introduce what we need to be careful of to choose the verb correctly or what kind of examples can be happen between transitive and intransitive verbs. It is crucial to choose which verbs need to be used by judging based on the words but also at the same time, it needs to make sense with the sentences. But this brings some issues to the Japanese learners. First of all, it will be very helpful to understand which to choose by completing the study of the words itself, and the learners can learn deeply understand how Japanese people choose the verbs correctly, so I strongly hope that this “SU RE A KU E 5 steps transitive and intransitive judgement” will help the learners.
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https://repository.hanyang.ac.kr/handle/20.500.11754/127621http://hanyang.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000427509
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GRADUATE SCHOOL[S](대학원) > JAPANESE LANGUAGE AND CULTURE(일본언어·문화학과) > Theses (Master)
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