칠원 무기연당 연구

Abstract

무기연당은 조선후기 영남의 재지사족이 종가의 별당으로 조영한 원림이다. 방지중도(方池中島)와 이를 내려다보는 누정의 공간 구성은 조선시대 사대부 원림의 전형적인 양식을 반영한 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 무기연당은 별당 원림임에도 종가의 정주 공간을 능가하는 규모와 의장성을 갖추었다는 점에서 여타 종가의 원림들과 차별점을 보인다. 또한 누정을 비롯한 공간 요소들이 배치된 형상은 원림의 구성이 한 순간에 이루어지지 않았음을 암시한다. 본 연구는 현상의 이면에 담긴 무기연당의 역사적 전모를 파악하기 위해 소유주 가문의 역사를 공간의 변천과 접목시켜 살피고자 하였다. 무기연당의 소유주 가문은 17세기 중반에 본가에서 멀지 않은 현(縣) 내의 무기마을로 분가하여 입향하였다. 입향조의 2대손인 주재성은 무신란 때 공을 세웠고, 후손들이 이를 추앙하여 가문을 선양하는 사업을 전개하였다. 그 결과 주재성이 문중의 적장손이 아니었음에도 불구하고 주재성의 직계 후손들이 종가를 계승하고 문중의 주도권을 장악하였다. 가문의 역사를 배경으로 삼아 무기연당의 공간 변천을 검토한 결과 무기연당의 공간 변천은 두 단계로 정리되었다. 주재성의 창의(倡義)와 함께 무기연당의 중심 영역이 형성되고, 이를 위시하여 사랑채와 사랑마당이 조성되는 18세기 중반까지의 상황이 첫 단계이다. 이 시기에 무기연당은 가문의 이름을 빛낸 선조를 기념하는 공간이자 종가를 대표하는 공간으로 자리매김하였다. 두 번째 단계는 문중 내 주도권 경쟁이 무기연당의 중수와 별업 원림의 건립으로 대비되어 나타나는 18세기 후반과, 경쟁 계통 소유의 건축물이 무기연당에 편입됨으로써 문중의 주도권 경쟁에 종지부가 찍히는 19세기 중반의 시기이다. 소유주 가문이 문중 내 주도권을 장악한 것과 더불어 무기연당의 공간 구성도 절정에 이르렀다. 이상의 내용을 바탕으로 무기연당의 조영 특성을 ‘공간의 명명’과 ‘영역의 확장’이라는 두 측면으로 논하였다. 무기연당의 공간 요소들에 이름이 붙여지는 일련의 과정을 살핌으로써 공간의 이름들이 뭍과 물의 심상을 환유하는 장치로 사용된 것과 공간의 주인이 추구했던 원림의 감상 방식이 반영됐음을 밝혔다. 대문 앞에 심긴 한그루의 나무로 시작된 원림이 200여년에 걸친 종가의 영역 확장에서 중점적인 위치에 있었음을 밝혔는데, 이는 무기연당이 가문에서 차지해온 높은 위상을 드러내는 것이다. 무기연당은 조선시대의 사족들에게 원림이 단지 여가생활을 위한 부수적인 공간에 그치지 않았음을 말해주는 중요한 사례이다. 사족의 사회적 일상사인 접객이 이루어질 때 원림이 중요한 역할을 했음은 주지의 사실이며, 소유주의 경제력에 따라 누정이나 별서가 매매되는 경우도 적지 않았다. 따라서 소유주 가문의 역사와 원림의 변천을 상호 교차하여 해석하고자 한 본 연구의 관점은 무기연당에만 제한적으로 적용되는 것이 아니다. 사족의 원림 조영은 소유관계가 명확한 재산인 토지에 구현되는 심미적 행위이며, 원림은 이용자의 의식에 따라 그 형상과 의미가 쉽게 달라진다. 이러한 특성은 원림을 경영한 주인과의 관계성을 주시했을 때 비로소 역사적 함의를 드러낸다. 무기연당은 원림과 원림주의 관계성이 가장 잘 반영된 사례로서 의의가 있다.|Mu-Gi-Yeon-Dang(舞沂蓮塘) is the garden that the provincial noble family of Yeongnam(嶺南) has constructed in the late Joseo period. Mu-Gi-Yeon-Dang is well known as its typical space composition as a traditional garden in Joseon. But it is also an exceptional case because of its larger scale of buildings and more splendid design than living spaces despite of being detached villa. And the layout of the garden infers the gradual construction of the garden. This study aim to establish the historical story of the garden inside the superficial status. So the transition of the space inserts to the history of the family. As a premise to analyze the space of the garden, the lineage of the owner family was reviewed first. Champangong-pa(參判公派) of Sangju-Ju-ssi(尙州周氏) Clan entered Chirwon(漆原) in 1500s, and its descendants created a separate lineage in the midst of 17th Century as entering Mugi(舞沂) county of the same area. Ju, Jaeseong(周宰成), one of the second generation from the founding forebears, raised an army and achieved a exploit during the Military Revolt and his descendants unfolded a project to praise the family in honor of him. As a result, although he was not a direct eldest of the family, his direct descendants succeeded to his lineage as the head family and seized initiative of the clan. Analysis on the space of the garden was described in to chapters along the times of composition. The first chapter examined the situations until the middle of the 18th Century when the central part of the Mu-Gi-Yeon-Dang was gradually developed by Ju, Jaeseong and then his son built a detached house for men and expanded the area of the head family. Ju, Jaeseong showed his idea through the pond, monument for celebrating loyaty, and pavilion and built Mu-Gi-Yeon-Dang as a detached villa to live the rest of his life. After his passing, Mu-Gi-Yeon-Dang was symbolized as a place to celebrate the famous ancestor and his idea. By building Gameunjae(感恩齋), Ju, Dobok(周道復) prepared a place for Bulchunwee Rituals and realized the task of praising the lineage in an architectural method by changing the exposing manners for Mu-Gi-Yeon-Dang. In the following chapter, we looked into the late 18th Century when the competition for family initiative was expressed through construction of the Mu-Gi-Yeon-Dang and erection of manor and the middle of 19th Century when different types of buildings were incorporated which was a critical incident to mark a period at the end of the competition. When repair of Mu-Gi-Yeon-Dang was almost finished, the direct descendants of the founding ancestors who had lost ownership of the head house built the largest building in the county in an area adjacent to Mu-Gi-Yeon-Dang. Furthermore, they made a fancy garden beside the tome of their father to establish a family burial ground in that area. However, after 3 generations, that building was renamed, rebuilt, and incorporated into Mu-Gi-Yeon-Dang, and currently the Yuhoijeong(有懷亭) manor is remaining as ruin due to lack of care. Based on what we covered so far, the characteristics in construction of Mu-Gi-Yeon-Dang can be grasped in two aspects. Firstly, the spirit of owner in Mu-Gi-Yeon-Dang was realized in the naming of the place. By repeatedly quoting an old story of water and land, the real space and imaginary space in the old story were mediated and the intention of owner was selectively expressed according to the target and range of the naming. Next, the expanding aspect of the head family territory was revealed with Mu-Gi-Yeon-Dang as the center. It investigated the procedure that the manor, which was located outside of the head family house, was settled as the most important space in the house through the changing arrangement of the head family house. Mu-Gi-Yeon-Dang is an important case to state that a garden was not just a subsidiary space for mere leisure life of the gentry of Joseon period. In addition, this is a case to show that the shape, meaning, preservation, and changes of the garden are closely related to the idea of owner. This study offers a beginning of understanding the meaning in construction of the garden by provincial noble families in the late Joseon period through discovery of the whole story of the cases that had been alienated from the research of Korean gardens. The view of this study that a space can be interpreted through social context of the target era and history of owner family can also be applied to other cases to be studied.; Mu-Gi-Yeon-Dang(舞沂蓮塘) is the garden that the provincial noble family of Yeongnam(嶺南) has constructed in the late Joseo period. Mu-Gi-Yeon-Dang is well known as its typical space composition as a traditional garden in Joseon. But it is also an exceptional case because of its larger scale of buildings and more splendid design than living spaces despite of being detached villa. And the layout of the garden infers the gradual construction of the garden. This study aim to establish the historical story of the garden inside the superficial status. So the transition of the space inserts to the history of the family. As a premise to analyze the space of the garden, the lineage of the owner family was reviewed first. Champangong-pa(參判公派) of Sangju-Ju-ssi(尙州周氏) Clan entered Chirwon(漆原) in 1500s, and its descendants created a separate lineage in the midst of 17th Century as entering Mugi(舞沂) county of the same area. Ju, Jaeseong(周宰成), one of the second generation from the founding forebears, raised an army and achieved a exploit during the Military Revolt and his descendants unfolded a project to praise the family in honor of him. As a result, although he was not a direct eldest of the family, his direct descendants succeeded to his lineage as the head family and seized initiative of the clan. Analysis on the space of the garden was described in to chapters along the times of composition. The first chapter examined the situations until the middle of the 18th Century when the central part of the Mu-Gi-Yeon-Dang was gradually developed by Ju, Jaeseong and then his son built a detached house for men and expanded the area of the head family. Ju, Jaeseong showed his idea through the pond, monument for celebrating loyaty, and pavilion and built Mu-Gi-Yeon-Dang as a detached villa to live the rest of his life. After his passing, Mu-Gi-Yeon-Dang was symbolized as a place to celebrate the famous ancestor and his idea. By building Gameunjae(感恩齋), Ju, Dobok(周道復) prepared a place for Bulchunwee Rituals and realized the task of praising the lineage in an architectural method by changing the exposing manners for Mu-Gi-Yeon-Dang. In the following chapter, we looked into the late 18th Century when the competition for family initiative was expressed through construction of the Mu-Gi-Yeon-Dang and erection of manor and the middle of 19th Century when different types of buildings were incorporated which was a critical incident to mark a period at the end of the competition. When repair of Mu-Gi-Yeon-Dang was almost finished, the direct descendants of the founding ancestors who had lost ownership of the head house built the largest building in the county in an area adjacent to Mu-Gi-Yeon-Dang. Furthermore, they made a fancy garden beside the tome of their father to establish a family burial ground in that area. However, after 3 generations, that building was renamed, rebuilt, and incorporated into Mu-Gi-Yeon-Dang, and currently the Yuhoijeong(有懷亭) manor is remaining as ruin due to lack of care. Based on what we covered so far, the characteristics in construction of Mu-Gi-Yeon-Dang can be grasped in two aspects. Firstly, the spirit of owner in Mu-Gi-Yeon-Dang was realized in the naming of the place. By repeatedly quoting an old story of water and land, the real space and imaginary space in the old story were mediated and the intention of owner was selectively expressed according to the target and range of the naming. Next, the expanding aspect of the head family territory was revealed with Mu-Gi-Yeon-Dang as the center. It investigated the procedure that the manor, which was located outside of the head family house, was settled as the most important space in the house through the changing arrangement of the head family house. Mu-Gi-Yeon-Dang is an important case to state that a garden was not just a subsidiary space for mere leisure life of the gentry of Joseon period. In addition, this is a case to show that the shape, meaning, preservation, and changes of the garden are closely related to the idea of owner. This study offers a beginning of understanding the meaning in construction of the garden by provincial noble families in the late Joseon period through discovery of the whole story of the cases that had been alienated from the research of Korean gardens. The view of this study that a space can be interpreted through social context of the target era and history of owner family can also be applied to other cases to be studied.