Reaction Kinetics-Mediated Control over Silver Nanogap Shells as Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Nanoprobes for Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarkers

Abstract

It is very challenging to accurately quantify the amounts of amyloid peptides A40 and A42, which are Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers, in blood owing to their low levels. This has driven the development of sensitive and noninvasive sensing methods for the early diagnosis of AD. Here, an approach for the synthesis of Ag nanogap shells (AgNGSs) is reported as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) colloidal nanoprobes for the sensitive, selective, and multiplexed detection of A40 and A42 in blood. Raman label chemicals used for SERS signal generation modulate the reaction rate for AgNGSs production through the formation of an Ag-thiolate lamella structure, enabling the control of nanogaps at one nanometer resolution. The AgNGSs embedded with the Raman label chemicals emit their unique SERS signals with a huge intensity enhancement of up to 10(7) and long-term stability. The AgNGS nanoprobes, conjugated with an antibody specific to A40 or A42, are able to detect these AD biomarkers in a multiplexed manner in human serum based on the AgNGS SERS signals. Detection is possible for amounts as low as 0.25 pg mL(-1). The AgNGS nanoprobe-based sandwich assay has a detection dynamic range two orders of magnitude wider than that of a conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.