아동이 지각한 어머니의 양육행동이 스트레스 대처행동에 미치는 영향 : 아동의 놀이성의 매개효과

Abstract

이 연구는 아동이 지각한 어머니의 양육행동, 아동의 스트레스 대처행동, 놀이성의 관계를 살펴보고, 아동이 지각한 어머니의 양육행동이 스트레스 대처행동에 미치는 영향에서 아동의 놀이성이 매개효과를 보이는지 알아보았다. 이 연구의 연구문제는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 어머니의 양육행동, 아동의 놀이성, 스트레스 대처행동은 아동의 성별에 따른 차이가 나타나는가? 둘째, 어머니의 양육행동, 아동의 놀이성, 스트레스 대처행동은 상관관계가 있는가? 셋째, 어머니의 양육행동과 아동의 스트레스 대처행동의 관계에서 아동의 놀이성은 매개효과가 있는가? 연구대상은 초등학생 5, 6학년으로 총 604명이었으며, 연구 대상자의 성별은 남아와 여아가 각각 302명(50.0%), 302명(50.0%)으로 이루어졌다. 또한, 해당 학생들의 데이터는 SPSS 22.0 프로그램으로 분석하였다. 연구문제에 대한 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 아동이 지각한 어머니의 양육행동, 아동의 놀이성, 스트레스 대처행동과 관련하여 성별의 차이가 나타나는지를 확인하였다. 아동이 지각한 어머니의 양육행동과 놀이성 전체는 통계적으로 성차가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 놀이성의 하위요인 중 유머감각은 남아가 여아의 점수보다 높게 나왔으며, 정서적 놀이성, 사회적 놀이성, 독자적 놀이성은 여아의 점수가 남아보다 높게 나타났다. 스트레스 대처행동을 살펴보면, 남아가 여아보다 공격적 대처행동을, 여아가 남아보다 소극·회피적 대처행동을 더 많이 사용하는 것으로 나타났으며 이는 통계적으로 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 어머니의 양육행동, 아동의 놀이성, 스트레스 대처행동의 상관관계를 살펴본 결과는 다음과 같다. 온정·수용 양육행동은 아동의 스트레스 대처행동의 하위요인인 적극적 대처행동, 사회지지 추구적 대처행동과의 관계에서 유의한 정적상관을 보였으며 공격적 대처행동, 소극·회피적 대처행동과 유의한 부적상관을 보였다. 반면, 거부·제재 양육행동은 적극적, 사회지지 추구적 대처행동과 유의한 부적상관을 나타냈으며, 허용·방임 양육행동과 거부·제재 양육행동은 공격적 대처행동, 소극·회피적 대처행동과 유의한 정적상관을 보였다. 어머니의 양육행동과 아동의 놀이성의 관계에서 온정·수용 양육행동은 놀이성 전체와 유의한 정적상관을 보였다. 또한 독자적 놀이성을 제외한 유머감각, 정서적 놀이성, 기발성, 사회적 놀이성, 재미탐닉과 정적상관을 보이는 것을 확인하였다. 어머니의 거부·제재 양육행동은 정서적 놀이성, 사회적 놀이성과 부적상관을 나타냈다. 그러나 허용·방임 양육행동은 놀이성 전체를 포함한 모든 놀이성의 하위요인과 유의한 상관이 나타나지 않았다. 아동의 놀이성과 스트레스 대처행동의 상관관계 결과를 살펴보면, 놀이성 전체와 놀이성의 모든 하위요인은 적극적 대처행동, 사회지지 추구적 대처행동과 유의한 정적 상관을 보였다. 유머감각과 재미탐닉은 부정적 대처요인인 공격적 대처행동과 정적 상관을 보였으며, 독자적 놀이성은 스트레스 대처행동의 모든 하위요인과 유의한 정적 상관을 나타냈다. 셋째, 어머니의 양육행동과 아동의 스트레스 대처행동의 관계에서 놀이성의 매개효과를 검증하였다. 그 결과를 살펴보면, 어머니의 온정·수용 양육행동이 적극적 스트레스 대처행동과 사회지지 추구적 대처행동에 미치는 영향에서 놀이성 전체의 부분매개 효과가 나타났다. 또한 어머니의 거부·제재 양육행동이 적극적 스트레스 대처행동, 사회지지 추구적 스트레스 대처행동에 미치는 영향에서 정서적 놀이성, 사회적 놀이성의 부분매개 효과가 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과는 놀이를 매체로 사용하는 아동 상담과 부모교육에 대한 시사점을 제공하고 있으며, 그 의의와 한계점에 대하여 논의하였다.; This study examined the correlation between mother’s parenting behavior, children’s coping with stress, and children’s playfulness; and focused on whether the children’s playfulness has mediating effects on children’s coping behavior with stress related to mother’s parenting behavior perceived by children. The main research questions are as follow. First, regarding the children’s perception of mother’s parenting behavior, playfulness and coping behavior with stress, is there any difference between children by gender? Second, is there a correlation between mother’s parenting behavior, children’s playfulness and children’s coping behavior with stress? Third, has children’s playfulness an impact on the link age between mother’s parenting behavior and children’s coping behavior with stress? 604 students of three elementary schools located in Southwest Seoul (“S” and “K” schools) and a Northern part of Seoul (“S” school)comprised the study group. They are 5th and 6th grades and consist of 302 male students (50.0%) and 302 female students (50.0%). SPSS 22.0 program was used to analyze the collected data of these students. This analysis resulted in several findings as follow. First, regarding mother’s parenting behavior perceived by children, playfulness, and coping behavior with stress, this research examined whether there is any difference among students by their gender. As a result, most children more strongly perceived mother’s warm and accepting parenting behavior than other negative parenting behaviors, and there was no difference among children by their gender. Besides, even though average score of girl’s playfulness was higher than of boy’s score, it turned out to be statistically not significant. Also, t-test revealed that boy’s score of a sense of humor as a sub-factor of playfulness was higher than girl’s score, while girl’s score of emotional, social and individual playfulness was higher than boy’s score. Besides, regarding coping behavior with stress, the result showed that boys more often tended to take aggressive coping behavior than girls, girls more often tended to take passive-avoidant coping behavior than boys, and this result was statistically significant. Second, testing the correlation between mother’s parenting behavior, children’s playfulness, and children’s coping behavior with stress showed the following outcomes. It first showed a statistically significant positive correlation between mother’s warm and accepting parenting behavior, children’s active coping behavior with stress and their act of seeking social support to deal with stress. On the other hand, mother’s warm and accepting parenting behavior and children’s aggressive coping behavior, passive-avoidant coping behavior had a negative correlation. Permissive and uninvolved style of parenting had a positive correlation with children’s aggressive coping behavior and passive-avoidant coping behavior. Besides, mother’s rejecting and restrictive parenting behavior had a statistically significant positive correlation with children’s aggressive coping behavior and passive-avoidant coping behavior, while it had a negative correlation with children’s active coping behavior and their behavior of seeking social support to deal with stress. Regarding mother’s parenting behavior and children’s playfulness, only warm and accepting parenting behavior had a statistically significant positive correlation with the overall score of children’s playfulness. Specifically, warm and accepting parenting behavior had a positive correlation with all sub-categories of children’s playfulness except individual playfulness―sense of humor, emotional playfulness, extraordinariness, social playfulness, and fun addition. However, mother’s rejecting and restrictive parenting behavior showed a negative correlation with children’s emotional and social playfulness. As to children’s playfulness and their coping behavior with stress, the overall score of playfulness and children’s active coping behavior and behavior of seeking social support showed positive correlations. Also, all sub-factors of playfulness had a statistically significant correlation with children’s active coping behavior and behavior of seeking social support. Besides, sense of humor, fun addiction as sub-factors of playfulness had positive correlations with aggressive coping behaviors. Individual playfulness as sub-factors of playfulness had positive correlations with all positive and negative children’s coping behaviors. From this result, particularly we can assume that the playfulness includes both positive and negative impacts on children. Third, as a result of studying a mediating effect of playfulness on the linkage between mother’s parenting behavior and children’s coping behavior for stress, the overall score of children’s playfulness showed a partial mediating effect on the relationship between mother’s warm and accepting parenting behavior and children’s active coping behavior with stress. Also, the overall score of playfulness had apartial mediating impact on the relationship between mother’s warm and accepting behavior and children’s behavior of seeking social support to deal with their stress. Besides, emotional playfulness and social playfulness showed a partial mediating effect on the relationship between mother’s rejecting and restrictive parenting behavior and children’s active coping behavior with stress. Also, emotional playfulness and social playfulness had apartial mediating impact on the relationship between mother’s rejecting and restrictive parenting behavior and children’s behavior of seeking social support to deal with their stress. Consequently, these findings show that playfulness takes a significant mediating role in the relationship between mother’s warm and accepting parenting behavior, rejecting and restrictive parenting behavior and children’s coping behavior, particularly children’s active behavior and behavior of seeking social support to deal with their stress. Therefore, play therapy and psychological education with play for children should implement parent education and parent counseling simultaneously so that children can take positive coping behavior to deal with their stress and improve their mental health. Also, building an environment that can stimulate the playfulness of children―particularly emotional playfulness and social playfulness―is necessary.