Full metadata record
DC Field | Value | Language |
---|---|---|
dc.contributor.author | 유혜현 | - |
dc.date.accessioned | 2018-03-19T02:19:31Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2018-03-19T02:19:31Z | - |
dc.date.issued | 2016-01 | - |
dc.identifier.citation | ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, v. 408, No. 2, Page. 503-516 | en_US |
dc.identifier.issn | 1618-2642 | - |
dc.identifier.issn | 1618-2650 | - |
dc.identifier.uri | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00216-015-9116-1 | - |
dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11754/48694 | - |
dc.description.abstract | Recently, use of novel synthetic cannabinoids has increased greatly despite worldwide efforts to regulate these drugs. XLR-11 ((1-[5'-fluoropentyl]indol-3-yl)-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone), a fluorinated synthetic cannabinoid with a tetramethylcyclopropyl moiety, has been frequently abused since 2012. XLR-11 produces a number of metabolites in common with its non-fluorinated parent analogue, UR-144 ((1-pentylindol-3-yl)-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone). Therefore, it is essential to develop effective urinary markers to distinguish between these drugs. In this study, we investigated the metabolic profile of authentic human urine specimens from suspected users of XLR-11 using liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Furthermore, we quantified four potential XLR-11 metabolites by using commercially available reference standards. In vitro metabolism of XLR-11 and UR-144 using human liver microsomes was also investigated to compare patterns of production of hydroxypentyl metabolites. Urine samples were prepared with and without enzymatic hydrolysis, and subjected to solid-phase extraction. We identified 19 metabolites generated by oxidative defluorination, hydroxylation, carboxylation, dehydrogenation, glucuronidation, and combinations of these reactions. Among the identified metabolites, 12 were generated from a cyclopropyl ring-opened XLR-11 degradation product formed during smoking. The XLR-11 metabolite with a hydroxylated 2,4-dimethylpent-1-ene moiety was detected in most specimens after hydrolysis and could be utilized as a specific marker for XLR-11 intake. Quantitative results showed that the concentration ratio of 5- and 4-hydroxypentyl metabolites should also be considered as a useful marker for differentiating between the abuse of XLR-11 and UR-144. | en_US |
dc.description.sponsorship | This study was supported by funding from the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea of the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (NRF-2014M3A9A4049149 and NRF-2014R1A1A1A05002840) and from the National Forensic Service (2015-02). | en_US |
dc.language.iso | en_US | en_US |
dc.publisher | SPRINGER HEIDELBERG | en_US |
dc.subject | Synthetic cannabinoid | en_US |
dc.subject | XLR-11 | en_US |
dc.subject | UR-144 | en_US |
dc.subject | Urinary metabolites | en_US |
dc.subject | Liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry | en_US |
dc.subject | CANNABINOID RECEPTOR-ACTIVITY | en_US |
dc.subject | ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | en_US |
dc.subject | SYNTHETIC CANNABINOIDS | en_US |
dc.subject | PYROLYSIS PRODUCT | en_US |
dc.subject | AM-2201 | en_US |
dc.subject | KETONES | en_US |
dc.subject | UR-144 | en_US |
dc.title | Determination of urinary metabolites of XLR-11 by liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry | en_US |
dc.type | Article | en_US |
dc.relation.no | 2 | - |
dc.relation.volume | 408 | - |
dc.identifier.doi | 10.1007/s00216-015-9116-1 | - |
dc.relation.page | 503-516 | - |
dc.relation.journal | ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY | - |
dc.contributor.googleauthor | Jang, Moonhee | - |
dc.contributor.googleauthor | Kim, In Sook | - |
dc.contributor.googleauthor | Park, Yu Na | - |
dc.contributor.googleauthor | Kim, Jihyun | - |
dc.contributor.googleauthor | Han, Inhoi | - |
dc.contributor.googleauthor | Baeck, Seungkyung | - |
dc.contributor.googleauthor | Yang, Wonkyung | - |
dc.contributor.googleauthor | Yoo, Hye Hyun | - |
dc.relation.code | 2016001009 | - |
dc.sector.campus | E | - |
dc.sector.daehak | COLLEGE OF PHARMACY[E] | - |
dc.sector.department | DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY | - |
dc.identifier.pid | yoohh | - |
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