문화관광축제 주최자로서 NGO의 기능 및 역할에 관한 인식 차이 연구

Abstract

본 연구의 목적은 문화관광축제 주최자로서 NGO와 공무원간의 NGO 기능 및 역할에 대한 집단 간 인식의 차이를 규명하고, 문화관광축제 주최자로서 인식태도에 영향을 미치는 NGO 기능 및 역할 요인을 찾아 시사점을 제시하고자 함이다. 이에 문화관광축제 주최자로서 NGO기능 및 역할을 선행연구를 토대로 조정기능, 대변기능, 교육기능의 NGO 기능과 상대적 역할인 관계인식과 사회적 역할인 문화관광구현 기여측면의 NGO역할, 인식태도를 변수로 채택하였다. 그리고 문화관광축제인 부산자갈치 문화관광축제와 경주 술과 떡 잔치를 대상으로 부산 102명,경주 98명의 전문가 집단에 대한 실증 설문 조사를 수행하였다. 본 연구를 수행하는데 있어서 회수된 자료 중 무성의한 반응을 보인 응답자는 통계처리에서 제외시켰으며 여기서 사용된 구체적인 실증분석방법은 SPSSWIN 12.0 프로그램을 사용하여 신뢰도 분석, 주성분 분석, 빈도분석, 교차분석, 상관관계 분석, 회귀 분석을 하였다 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 문화관광축제 주최자로서 NGO 기능에 관해서 NGO와 공무원은 두 집단 간 유의미한 인식의 차이가 있었다. 즉, NGO 집단이 공무원 집단보다 조정기능, 대변기능, 교육기능을 높이 인식하는 반면, 공무원 집단은 대체적으로 저조하게 인식하는 것으로 분석됐다. 둘째, 문화관광축제 주최자로서 NGO의 역할을 관계성을 기초로 한 상대적인 역할과 의무와 기대로 인식되는 사회적 역할로 구분해 전자는 상호 관계 인식을 후자는 문화관광구현 기여 측면을 척도로써 측정하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 전자의 문화관광축제 주최자로서 정부-NGO간의 관계에 관해서 공무원집단과 NGO집단 간 인식의 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났는데, 놀라운 것은 NGO집단이 '협동형(협력적)'을 가장 높게 인식하고 있는 반면, 공무원집단은 가장 낮게 인식하고 있었고, 공무원집단이 가장 높이 인식한 '용역형'은 NGO집단이 가장 낮게 인식하고 있었다. 즉 공무원과 NGO가 집단적으로 인식을 달리하는 것으로 분석됐다. 이는 NGO를 규제와 감독의 대상으로 참여시키고 있기 때문에 NGO의 기능 및 역할이 제대로 작용하지 못하는 것이다. 따라서 문화관광축제 주최자로서 NGO가 규제와 감독의 대상이 아닌 반대로 규제하고 감독 할 수 있는 권한을 NGO에게 이양해야 한다고 판단한다. 후자의 사회적 역할에 관해서도 공무원집단과 NGO집단 간에 유의미한 인식의 차이가 있는 것으로 분석됐다. NGO집단은 문화관광구현의 기여에 대해 대체적으로 높이 인식하고 있는 반면, 공무원집단은 부분적으로 낮게 인식하고 있었다. 좀 더 구체적으로 설명하면, 문화관광축제 주최자로서 지역문화를 계승 발전하는데 기여하고 있음을 높이 인식하고 있었고, 외래관광객 유치와 시민 문화 역량 강화에 관한 기여 측면은 다소 NGO집단에 비해 낮게 인식하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 문화관광축제 주최자로서 NGO기능 및 역할 변수 중에서 NGO의 인식태도에 영향을 미치는 요인은 대변기능과 관계인식으로 분석됐다. 부연하자면, 문화관광축제 주최자로서 NGO 기능 및 역할과 NGO의 인식태도에 대한 상관관계분석을 실시한 결과 유의한 정적인 상관관계를 보여 단계적 회귀분석을 실시한 결과, 대변기능과 관계인식에서 유의한 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석됐다. 즉, 대변기능과 관계인식에 변화를 주면 NGO의 인식태도가 변하는 것으로써 NGO의 인식태도를 긍정적으로 끌어올릴 수 있는 방안을 모색하는 데 유용하게 활용할 수 있을 것이다. 두 집단 간 역할분담이 명확하지 못하면 역할의 모호성(role ambiguity)에 의해 역할분담에 차질이 생기고 이는 목표 달성에 부정적인 영향을 미치게 된다. 문화관광축제에서도 축제의 성공이라는 목표가 달성되지 못할 경우 자발적인 참여로 이루어진 NGO의 응집력과 결속력은 크게 와해될 것이다. NGO는 시민을 대표하는 집단으로써 시민의 대변자이다. 이는 국민을 대표하는 국회의원의 존재와 같은 개념으로 인식돼야 하는 것이다. 그래야지만, 문화관광축제 주최자로서 NGO가 그 기능과 역할을 원활하게 작용할 수 있는 것이다. 따라서 이러한 인식의 부족을 각성하고 인식의 계몽이 될 수 있는 방안을 모색해야 할 것이다.; ABSTRACT

A Study on the difference of Perception of NGO`s Function and Roles as an Organizer of Cultural Tourism Festival: Focusing on the NGOs and Public Officials

Park, Hyun-Jin dept. of tourism The graduate school of International Tourism Hanyang University

Social paradigm begins to ask for full-fledged-participation of The Non-Governmental Organization. In response, NGO is expected to expand its role as a provider of cultural public service in creating cultural programs and hosting festivities. Basically, the government has a limit to manage the service sector properly. According to a study conducted by the culture ministry in 2006, an estimated 77.8% of festivals over the last 11 years were held by NGO. It means that the organization has been taking bigger role as an organizer of cultural tourism festivals than ever. 36 different cultural festivals, which have been designated more than 4 times, were included in the study. The study is designed to illustrate the difference of how think about NGO’s function and role between NGO officials and public officials. What is more, it is aimed at analyzing NGO’s function and role which have an effect on attitude toward NGO. Consequently, the study selects a variety of factors such as adjustment, representative and education functions as well as relational recognition as relative role of NGO and NGO’s contributions to cultural tourism and attitude toward NGO. The study is dedicated to conduct a research on 102 people in Busan and 98 in Kyung-ju about two regional festivals including the Busan-Jagalchi cultural tourism festival and Kyung-ju Sul & Duk(rice cake) festival. Participants who unfaithfully responded to the research were excluded from the study. And there are a couple of specific methods used for this study as following: Statistical process was conducted by SPSS WIN 12.0 computer statistical program. Reliability, main-ingredients, frequent, crossing, relation and regression analysis were implemented in the study. A result of the study is following as below: First, the study finds out recognizable differences between NGO officials and public officials about NGO’s function and role as an organizer of cultural tourism festivals. In other words, NGO officials are found to have higher recognition in adjustment, representative and education functions than public officials. Public officials are found to be significantly lower in those fields. It means that they do not understand NGO’s function in right way. So, it is necessary to take measures to make their recognition toward NGO changed so that NGO will be able to work efficiently in leading cultural tourism festivals. Second, based on a concept that NGO has relative and social roles viewed as obligation and expectation from the public, the study focuses on mutual-relation recognition and NGO’s contributions to boosting cultural tourism festivals. A result of the study is following as below: The study finds out difference between NGO officials and public officials about the relationship between the government and NGO. What is surprising is that NGO officials are found to have the highest recognition in “cooperation” while public officials have the lowest in the field. On the contrary, service field, recognized by NGO officials the lowest, is found to receive the highest recognition from public officials. It is being seen that the two groups have different recognition. The same result is also found in the study conducted by an expert Ju Seong-su (2001b) about business programs of NGO. In the process of NGO’s business programs, he mentioned various problems from NGO’s business partner designation procedures and mid-evaluation to settlement of account and final evaluation by pointing out that NGO participates in all process as a regulator and supervisor. The core problem of cultural tourism festivals is that NGO is being recognized as the regulator and supervisor in taking its own role by government officials. It means that there is no specific guideline telling who does what and who does not what. So, as an organizer, NGO should lead festival programs instead of acting as regulator and supervisor. It also needs to include public officials to be members of regulator and supervisor. Only when it happens, NGO will be able to do its own job. The study recognizes the difference between NGO officials and public officials about NGO’s social roles. The details are as below: NGO officials are found to have relatively higher recognition in NGO’s contributions to boosting cultural tourism festivals than public officials. In more details, the study finds the government officials having more recognition in NGO’s roles to improving regional cultures than the organization’s effort to drawing more foreign people and strengthening civil cultural capability. Third, representative function and relation-recognition are found as factors affecting to attitude toward NGO’s function. As analyzing a relation of NGO’s function, role and attitude toward the organization, the study showed recognizable results. So, regression analysis on the matter represented stillness effect in representative function and relation-recognition. In other words, if there is a change in representative function and relation-recognition fields, it causes a change in attitude toward NGO. Subsequently, it can be used to find out an effective way to help improve attitude toward NGO. As a representative of the public, NGO is an organization to represent people. Just like lawmakers representing their nationals, the organization should be recognized in the same way. Only when it happens, as the organizer of cultural tourism festivals, NGO can do its own job properly. But, poor level of public awareness about the concept of NGO makes it difficult to do so. Consequently, in order to have continuous success in cultural tourism festivals, it is necessary to come up with substantial measures to enhance public awareness about NGO’s function and role. The study is aimed at analyzing difference between NGO officials and public officials about NGO’s function and role and taking effective measures to bridge the gap between two groups. However, previously-done researches by administration, tourism fields and NGO related studies were chosen as variables based on researchers’ judgment and collected data from related experts. So, there is still limitation to generalize the function and role of NGO. It is needed to have deeper review and further studies on the matter down the road. And survey was done through off-line, not online. It is being viewed as one of limits of the study. The study dealt with NGO as the main-host of cultural tourism festivals so that one of main functions known as checking function was excluded from the study. However, the check function is one of the most important functions which NGO has to monitor and criticize government activities. So, it is being seen as one of very essential functions to keep real purpose of festivals. Consequently, closing gaps between many civic groups like People’s Solidarity for Participatory Democracy, the Citizens Coalition for Economic and NGO participating in government policies and government officials should be a good way to come up with efficient policies in cultural tourism festivities. Substantial cooperation and communication between government and NGO will make huge contribution to improving administrative, cultural and social infrastructure. What is more, it will be constructive to lead a right cooperative relationship between two groups. There is a hope to see that there would be more following researches in the making on the issue.