장소성 형성요인간의 인과구조 분석에 관한 연구

Abstract

최근 도시설계의 흐름은 그 지역의 사람들과 행태, 다양한 활동 등에 초점이 맞추어 지고 있다. 이는 장소성에 대한 관심이 증가하는 이유가 된다. 장소성은 지역만의 특성을 형성시켜 사람들의 방문을 유도하는 동시에 지역의 경제적 발전 및 활성화에 영향을 미치게 된다. 이처럼 장소성이 풍부한 장소 조성의 중요성이 확대됨에 따라 다양한 분야에서 관련 연구가 진행되고 있다. 하지만 장소성에 관한 이론적 연구가 주를 이뤘기 때문에 장소성과 관련된 도시설계 기법 및 방안을 제시하기에는 부족한 실정이다.

이에 본 연구는 도시설계 시 고려되어야 할 물리적․ 비 물리적 요인들에 대한 정량적인 연구 결과를 제시하기 위해 홍대지역을 대상으로 장소성 형성요인간의 인과구조 분석을 실시하였다. 이를 통해 홍대지역의 장소성을 형성하는 요인들은 무엇이며 그 형성요인들이 어떠한 구조 속에서 서로 영향관계를 가지는지 알아보았다.

본 연구에서는 장소성을 형성하는 요인들의 개념을 파악하고, 그 요인간의 구조 정립을 통해서 정량적인 모델을 구축하기 위해 방법론으로 구조방정식모형을 활용하였다. 인과구조 분석을 위한 기본적인 연구의 틀은 다음과 같다. 먼저 이론적 근거 확립을 위한 단계로서 이론적 고찰을 통해 장소성을 형성하는 요인들의 개념과 그 안에 내제되어 있는 잠재변수를 파악하였다. 그리고 그 잠재변수들을 측정할 수 있는 측정변수를 도출하였다. 이를 바탕으로 하여 장소성 형성요인들 간의 인과구조 분석의 기본이 되는 이론모형 및 연구가설을 개발하였다. 다음 단계로 도출된 잠재변수와 측정변수를 토대로 설문 문항을 개발하고 홍대지역 방문객을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 인과구조 분석을 위한 자료를 구축하였다. 이렇게 획득한 자료에 구조방정식모형의 분석 틀을 도입하여 홍대지역 장소성 형성요인간 인과구조를 파악하기 위한 요인구조모형을 설정하고 최종적으로 경로모형을 구축하였다. 그리고 구축된 인과구조 경로모형에 대한 경로분석을 실시하여 홍대지역의 장소성을 형성하는 요인들이 상호 어떤 영향관계를 가지는 지에 대해 파악하였다.

이러한 단계별 분석의 과정에 대한 결론은 다음과 같다.

첫째, 이론적 근거 확립을 위한 단계의 결론이다. 홍대지역의 형성요인이 되는 잠재변수는 모두 여섯 가지로 ‘물리적 요소’, ‘활동적 요소’, ‘인적 요소’, ‘장소 정체성’, ‘장소 애착’, ‘장소의 의미’로 파악되었다. 개발된 이론모형의 구조는 크게 세 가지인 ‘장소성 형성요소’, ‘장소 정체성’, ‘장소성 결과요소’로 나누어졌다. 그리고 이를 통한 연구의 가설은 다음과 같다. 장소를 형성하는 요소인 물리적 요소, 활동적 요소, 인적 요소는 상호작용을 하면서 장소가 가지는 이미지인 장소 정체성에 영향을 주게 된다. 이러한 과정을 통해 장소성이 형성되고, 결과적인 측면에서 형성된 장소성은 개인의 장소에 대한 애착과 집단의 장소에 대한 판단에 지속적으로 영향을 주게 된다.

둘째, 구조방정식모형을 활용한 분석 단계의 결론이다. 앞서 개발한 이론모형 및 연구가설을 토대로 측정변수의 축약, 요인구조모형의 구축 및 재설정 과정을 거쳐 최종적인 경로모형을 구축하고 분석하였다. 홍대지역의 장소성을 형성하는 요인인 잠재변수들 간의 경로분석을 통한 결론은 다음과 같다. 장소성을 형성하는 세 가지 요소 중 물리적 요소와 인적 요소는 동등한 수준으로 장소 정체성에 영향을 미치지만 활동적 요소는 상대적으로 낮은 영향을 미쳤다. 또한 이러한 세 가지 장소성 형성요소는 상호작용을 통해 장소성 형성에 영향을 미치고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 장소성 형성과정의 결과적 차원에서 장소성은 집단의 장소에 대한 판단에도 영향을 미친다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 홍대지역 장소성 형성요인 별 측정변수들의 경로분석에 대한 결론은 다음과 같다. 홍대지역의 장소성을 형성하는 요인이 되는 각 잠재변수에는 모두 예술․ 문화 관련 측정변수가 포함되어 있다. 영향관계 분석 결과 관련 변수들 전부 각 잠재변수에 높은 영향 값을 보이고 있었다. 그 외 물리적 요소에서는 가로 변수가, 인적 요소에서는 클럽 관련 인적 자원 변수가 높게 나타났다. 장소정체성에서는 창조․ 특색․ 자유․ 젊음․ 예술의 변수가 가장 높게 나타났다. 마지막으로 장소성의 결과요소가 되는 장소의 의미에서는 예술․ 문화의 장소, 다양한 거리․ 업무․ 휴식의 장소 변수가 높게 나타났다.

이러한 연구의 결과를 통해 홍대지역의 장소성은 어떠한 요인들에 의해 형성되는지 밝혀냈고, 이를 통해 장소성 활성화 및 발전 정책에 대한 시사점을 도출하였다.

본 연구는 이론적 연구에 그쳤던 지역의 장소성에 관한 연구에서 장소성을 형성하는 요인간의 인과구조 분석을 통해 도시설계적 차원에서의 보다 정량적인 결과를 제시했다는 점에 연구의 의의를 둘 수 있다. 또한 구조방정식모형을 통한 방법론을 정립하여, 향후 장소성과 관련된 도시설계 및 계획 분야의 정량적 기초연구에 구조방정식모형의 활용 가능성을 제시하였다는데 의의가 있다. | Current trend of urban design focuses on the behavior and diverse activities of the people living in the areas. It's the cause for the increasing concern for placeness. Placeness forms the traits unique to ceratin areas inducing people to visit there affecting the local economic development & activation. The studies on placeness are in progress in various fields due to the extending importance in forming the places rich in placeness. But as theoretical studies being dominant, they are inadequate to suggest urban design technique & plans related to placeness.

Hereupon, this study conducted causality analysis between formative factors of placeness in Hongik University area to put forth quantitative study on physical non physical factors which should be considered at the time of urban design. Based on this, this researcher looked into the factors of forming placeness in Hongik University area and the structure setting the formative factors affecting each other.

This study used structural equation modeling as the way of identifying the concept of formative factors of placeness, and building up quantitative modelling through the structure between the factors. Following are the basic frame of the study for causality interpretation. First, identified the concept of formative factors of placeness, and then latent variables in it through theoretical consideration as the stage the establishment of theoretical basis. Then, extracted measured variable that able to measure the latent variables. Based on it, developed theory of modelling and hypothesis of the study which are basically needed for the analysis on causality between the formative factors of placeness. As the next step, developed questionnaires based on extracted latent variables and measured variables for the people visiting Hongik University area to build the data for the analysis on causality. Then, introduced analysis frame of structural equation modeling to the data gained like so, followed by the set up of factor structural model and then path model lastly to detect the causality between the formative factors of placeness in Hongik University area. On the installed causality path model, conducted path analysis to identify how those formative factors of placeness in Hongik University area interact with each other.

Below are the conclusion on the process of such sequential analysis.

First, it's the stage for theoretical basis build-up. The latent variables, the formative factors in Hongik University area appeared to be six such as 'physical elements', 'active elements', 'human elements', 'identity of place', 'attachment of place' and 'sense of place'. Developed theory model was divided largely into 'formative elements of placeness', 'identity of place', 'resulting elements of placeness'. The hypothesis from the study based on such matter above are as follows. The physical elements, active element, human elements of formative factors of place interact with each other affecting identity of place, the image of place. Placeness is formed through such process, and consequently, such formed placeness affects the attachment of individuals and organization to place continually.

Second, it's the stage of analysis by using structural equation modeling, followed by abbreviation of measured variables and set up & respecification of factor structural model and then set up of final path model based on the theory model & study hypothesis previously developed. Below are the conclusion on path analysis between the latent variables, the factors forming the placeness in Hongik University area. Physical elements and human elements among the three elements that form placeness showed similar level in affecting the identity of place while active elements showed lower level relatively. Besides, the three formative factors of placeness interrelated with each other in affecting the formation of placeness. Consequently, in the process of placeness formation, placeness was ascertained to affect even the organizational judgment on place. Below are the conclusion on path analysis on measured variables depending on formative factors of placeness in Hongik University area. Each latent variable which is the factor of forming the placeness in Hongik University area includes measured variables involved in arts and culture. Impact relation analysis showed entire associate variables affected each latent variable highly. Besides, street variable in physical elements, club related human elements variables in human elements turned out to be high level. Creation․ distinct characteristics․ freedom․ youthfulness․ arts variables were the highest level in the identity of place. Lastly, in the sense of place, the factors for placeness, the variables in the place for art․ culture and the place for diverse streets.․ business․ relaxation were revealed as high level.

The formative factors of placeness in Hongik University area were disclosed thanks to the results of this study, which was contributive to drawing out the suggestive points for placeness activation & development policies.

The significance of this study lies in the submission of more quantitative results on urban design basis through causality analysis between the factors of forming placeness in the study on the placeness in region which had been conducted leaning toward theories till now. Furthermore, its' another significance is the corrected ways(methodology) with structural equation modeling, and then the proposal of possibility in using structural equation modeling to the hereafter basic quantitative study on urban design & planning fields involved in placeness.; Current trend of urban design focuses on the behavior and diverse activities of the people living in the areas. It's the cause for the increasing concern for placeness. Placeness forms the traits unique to ceratin areas inducing people to visit there affecting the local economic development & activation. The studies on placeness are in progress in various fields due to the extending importance in forming the places rich in placeness. But as theoretical studies being dominant, they are inadequate to suggest urban design technique & plans related to placeness.

Hereupon, this study conducted causality analysis between formative factors of placeness in Hongik University area to put forth quantitative study on physical non physical factors which should be considered at the time of urban design. Based on this, this researcher looked into the factors of forming placeness in Hongik University area and the structure setting the formative factors affecting each other.

This study used structural equation modeling as the way of identifying the concept of formative factors of placeness, and building up quantitative modelling through the structure between the factors. Following are the basic frame of the study for causality interpretation. First, identified the concept of formative factors of placeness, and then latent variables in it through theoretical consideration as the stage the establishment of theoretical basis. Then, extracted measured variable that able to measure the latent variables. Based on it, developed theory of modelling and hypothesis of the study which are basically needed for the analysis on causality between the formative factors of placeness. As the next step, developed questionnaires based on extracted latent variables and measured variables for the people visiting Hongik University area to build the data for the analysis on causality. Then, introduced analysis frame of structural equation modeling to the data gained like so, followed by the set up of factor structural model and then path model lastly to detect the causality between the formative factors of placeness in Hongik University area. On the installed causality path model, conducted path analysis to identify how those formative factors of placeness in Hongik University area interact with each other.

Below are the conclusion on the process of such sequential analysis.

First, it's the stage for theoretical basis build-up. The latent variables, the formative factors in Hongik University area appeared to be six such as 'physical elements', 'active elements', 'human elements', 'identity of place', 'attachment of place' and 'sense of place'. Developed theory model was divided largely into 'formative elements of placeness', 'identity of place', 'resulting elements of placeness'. The hypothesis from the study based on such matter above are as follows. The physical elements, active element, human elements of formative factors of place interact with each other affecting identity of place, the image of place. Placeness is formed through such process, and consequently, such formed placeness affects the attachment of individuals and organization to place continually.

Second, it's the stage of analysis by using structural equation modeling, followed by abbreviation of measured variables and set up & respecification of factor structural model and then set up of final path model based on the theory model & study hypothesis previously developed. Below are the conclusion on path analysis between the latent variables, the factors forming the placeness in Hongik University area. Physical elements and human elements among the three elements that form placeness showed similar level in affecting the identity of place while active elements showed lower level relatively. Besides, the three formative factors of placeness interrelated with each other in affecting the formation of placeness. Consequently, in the process of placeness formation, placeness was ascertained to affect even the organizational judgment on place. Below are the conclusion on path analysis on measured variables depending on formative factors of placeness in Hongik University area. Each latent variable which is the factor of forming the placeness in Hongik University area includes measured variables involved in arts and culture. Impact relation analysis showed entire associate variables affected each latent variable highly. Besides, street variable in physical elements, club related human elements variables in human elements turned out to be high level. Creation&#8228