노조간부의 리더십 유형과 조합원의 노조몰입에 관한 연구

Abstract

1987년 노동자 중심의 민주화 투쟁은 억압되었던 노동자의 욕구와 불공정한 배분에 대한 불만이 폭발하였고, 1997년말 외환위기로 기업들의 구조조정 일환으로 인력감축이 되어 노사간 갈등이 증폭되었다. 게다가 최근 한미 FTA체결, 비정규직 법안개정 등에서 노동조합의 투쟁이 가시적인 성과를 드러내지 못하는 등 노조를 둘러싼 대내외적 환경변화가 급격한 현시점에서, 노조간부는 역량을 강화하고 리더십을 발휘하여 조합원을 노조에 결집시켜 노동조합이 거듭나도록 해야 한다. 히만(Hyman, 1979)은 노조지도자의 리더십 스타일과 성격은 노조조직이 조합원들의 열망들에 어떻게 반응하는가, 그리고 조합원들의 집단의식과 행동이 북돋워지는 방식에 중요한 영향을 미친다고 했다. 그러나 우리나라에서 노조간부의 리더십에 관련된 실증적, 경험적인 연구는 미미한 실정이다.

따라서 본 연구에서는 이러한 문제의식을 토대로 노조의 주체적 요인인 노조간부의 리더십유형에 따라 조합원의 노조몰입에 어떤 차이가 있는지를 분석하여 노조간부들이 조합원을 어떻게 관리를 해야 하는지에 대한 시사점을 제공하여 노조활성화로 인한 조합원의 생산성 제고와 회사생활 만족도를 높이는데 그 목적이 있다.

이러한 연구목적을 위해 문헌연구와 실증연구를 병행하여 노동조합, 리더십에 관한 이론, 노조지도자의 리더십유형, 조합원과 노조몰입에 관한 개념을 정리하였고, 그와 관련된 선행연구를 살펴보았다. 이를 토대로 연구모형 및 연구가설을 설정한 후 이를 검증하기 위해 2012년 4월 9일부터 4월 28일까지 3주간 전국의 관광서비스노조 산하 조합원을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 수집된 자료 219부 중 불성실한 답변을 한 19부는 통계처리에서 제외하고, SPSS 18.0을 이용하여 신뢰성 및 타당성조사와 가설검증을 위하여 기술통계분석, 차이검증 t-test, 일원변량분석(ANOVA)과 영향관계를 알아보기 위해 다중회기분석을 실시하였다.

본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 조합원들의 노조몰입의 수준이 전반적으로 높은 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 노조 지도자의 리더십 유형에 대한 인식은 거래적 리더십과 변혁적 리더십의 평균이 모두 ‘보통’이상으로 나타나 조합원들이 노조간부들의 리더십 형태에 비교적 긍정적으로 생각하고 있는 것으로 볼 수 있고, 조합원들 간의 인식에 큰 편차가 없는 것으로 보아 노조활동이 리더십의 유형에 따른 갈등없이 안정적으로 운영되고 있는 것으로 볼 수 있다.

둘째, 조합원의 인구․ 사회학적 특성에 따른 노조간부 리더십 유형에 차이는 30세-40세 미만의 노조원과 50세 이상의 노조원에서 변혁적 리더십의 인식에 대한 차이를 보이고 있었고, 50세 이상 노조원의 평균이 더 높은 것으로 나타나 연령이 높은 노조원들이 조합원의 의견을 존중하고, 이들의 고충을 이해하며, 조합원의 능력 개발에 힘쓰고, 자상하고 세심한 배려, 업무성과와 보상 등 거래적 리더십과 자신감, 열정, 성공모델, 충성심, 새로운 시각과 방법과 아이디어 등 변혁적 리더십을 더 긍정적으로 생각하고 있는 것으로 보인다.

셋째, 조합원의 인구․ 사회학적 특성에 따라 조합원의 노조몰입에 차이가 있는 요인은 결혼 상태로 나타났다. 이것은 기혼자들은 가정에 대한 부양의식이 높아 노조에 몰입하지 않으면 불이익을 당하지 않을까하는 우려 때문에 더 몰입하고 있는 것으로 보인다.

넷째, 노조간부의 리더십유형 즉 변혁적 리더십과 거래적 리더십 모두 노조몰입에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그러니까 조합원의 노조몰입 정도를 높이려면 노조간부가 리더십을 발휘해야 한다고 본다.| Pro-democratization struggle sparked by workers in 1987 produced a great outpouring of suppressed workers' demand and their discontents over unfair distribution of economic growth obtained over 70's and 80's, and massive jobs cut and sharp increase in precarious employment since Asian financial crisis in 1997 has further deteriorated conflicts and confrontation between labour and management. Moreover rapid changes of external as well as internal current situations around labour unions which could not have led any visible outcomes against the ratification of Korea-US FTA, revision of labour laws and so on, have required a reform of trade unions by rallying union members and reinforcing capability of union officials as well as demonstrating their leadership than at any other times. Hyman(1979) argued that styles and characteristics of trade union leadership heavily influenced how union organizations respond to desires of union membership and also ways to encourage group consciousness and action. However there have been only few number of empirical studies on leadership of union officials in Korea.

Against this backdrop, this thesis aims to analyze the difference in degree of immersion of membership in own trade union with respect to types of union leadership as a main factor. Then based on the analysis, this study will provide insights into management of union officials in order to contribute to the improvement of workers' productivities and satisfaction at work.

With this purpose, reference researches and empirical studies have been conducted with regard to theories about the trade union movement and the leadership, types of union leadership and concepts of immersion of membership in trade unions, and then examined the relevant precedent studies. Based on this, a research model and a hypothesis was built and a survey targeting membership of the Korean Tourism and Service Industry Workers' Unions was carried out to test them from 9th April to 28th April in 2012. After the 3 weeks survey, total 219 responses were collected and 19 inadequate answers were excluded from them. By SPSS 18.0, descriptive analysis, T-test, ANOVA for reliability and validity studies as well as hypothesis testing were conducted and also multiple regression analysis has been employed to examine any effect relationship.

The findings from the study can be summarized as following; Firstly overall level of membership's being immersed in trade unions is high. I seems that the leadership of trade union officials is perceived positively among membership since averages of their responses in terms of the transformational leadership and transactional leadership are above 'normal'. Also without high deviation in perception among membership, it can be said that union activities have been conducted stably in the absence of discord due to types of union leadership.

Secondly, with regard to the difference among types of union leadership in accordance with demographical as well as social characteristics of members, the survey shows different outcomes in terms of perception of the transformational leadership between members in the age group 30~40 years old and more than 50 years old, and it also found that the outcomes from the age group more than 50 years old are higher than average. This may suggest that union officials in higher age groups more positively count the transformational leadership which respects members' opinions, comprehends their grievances, pursues ability building and has more attentive and carful solicitude for members and so on, as well as the transactional leadership valuing confidence, compassion, a success models, a sense of loyalty and new ideas.

Thirdly, one of factors to make difference in union immersion of membership in terms of demographical as well as social characteristics seems the status of marriage. Since the married members is likely under more pressure of family responsibility, they seem to be more immersed in the trade union with more concerns about disadvantages otherwise.

Finally it is found that types of union leadership, namely transactional leadership and transformational leadership, influence the immersion of membership in trade unions. This shows a insight that union officials should exhibit their leadership in order to encourage union membership's immersion in trade unions.; Pro-democratization struggle sparked by workers in 1987 produced a great outpouring of suppressed workers' demand and their discontents over unfair distribution of economic growth obtained over 70's and 80's, and massive jobs cut and sharp increase in precarious employment since Asian financial crisis in 1997 has further deteriorated conflicts and confrontation between labour and management. Moreover rapid changes of external as well as internal current situations around labour unions which could not have led any visible outcomes against the ratification of Korea-US FTA, revision of labour laws and so on, have required a reform of trade unions by rallying union members and reinforcing capability of union officials as well as demonstrating their leadership than at any other times. Hyman(1979) argued that styles and characteristics of trade union leadership heavily influenced how union organizations respond to desires of union membership and also ways to encourage group consciousness and action. However there have been only few number of empirical studies on leadership of union officials in Korea.

Against this backdrop, this thesis aims to analyze the difference in degree of immersion of membership in own trade union with respect to types of union leadership as a main factor. Then based on the analysis, this study will provide insights into management of union officials in order to contribute to the improvement of workers' productivities and satisfaction at work.

With this purpose, reference researches and empirical studies have been conducted with regard to theories about the trade union movement and the leadership, types of union leadership and concepts of immersion of membership in trade unions, and then examined the relevant precedent studies. Based on this, a research model and a hypothesis was built and a survey targeting membership of the Korean Tourism and Service Industry Workers' Unions was carried out to test them from 9th April to 28th April in 2012. After the 3 weeks survey, total 219 responses were collected and 19 inadequate answers were excluded from them. By SPSS 18.0, descriptive analysis, T-test, ANOVA for reliability and validity studies as well as hypothesis testing were conducted and also multiple regression analysis has been employed to examine any effect relationship.

The findings from the study can be summarized as following