낙원상가 사례를 통해 본 도심 속 필로티 공간의 의미와 역할

Abstract

서울과 같은 대도시의 도심은 다양한 수요와 공급을 충족시키기 위하여 복합적인 용도를 수용하는 공간이 요구되었고, 건축물들은 수직적인 형태의 입체적 개발을 중심으로 발전하였다. 입체적인 복합용도 건축물의 가치는 건축물이 위치하는 도시와의 관계 및 연결 체계가 무엇보다 중요하다. 이러한 양상 속에서 일층에 방을 만들지 않고 기둥만 세운 공간을 의미하는 ‘필로티’가 도심 속 건축물에 적용되어 존재하고 있다. 서울 도심의 대표적인 필로티 건축물은 주상복합 건축물의 대한민국 1세대인 ‘낙원상가’이다. 1960년대의 오래된 건축물인 낙원상가는 그 시대적 흐름 때문에 지속적인 보수 및 관리에도 불구하고 다소 낙후된 이미지를 가지고 있다. 동시에 저층부 필로티 공간의 큰 영역이 삼일대로의 연장선인 차량도로와 주차공간 등 차량과 관련된 공간으로 활용되고 있으며, 인접한 낙후된 도시지역 및 열악한 보행환경 등으로 인해 도심 속 원활한 소통의 공간은 아니다. 따라서 본 연구는 낙원상가의 건축적 특성을 대표적으로 담고 있는 저층부 필로티 공간의 현황을 분석함으로써 ‘서울’이라는 도시 속에서 존재하기에 적합한 필로티 건축의 방향성을 제시하고, 이를 바탕으로 여러 사회적 문제를 해결할 수 있는 방안을 도출하고자 한다. 문헌연구와 현장조사를 통해 낙원상가 저층부를 파악하고, 필로티 공간에 있어 비교분석할 수 있는 건축적 사례들을 서술하였다. 이러한 이론적 배경과 더불어 낙원상가 필로티 공간의 현황을 실질적으로 분석하기 위하여 낙원상가의 종사자(124명)와 방문자(68명) 대상으로 설문조사의 표본을 설정하였다. 이론적 분석의 결과를 바탕으로 일반, 접근성, 연계성, 상가, 동선, 환경, 건축, 도시의 총 8가지 항목으로 구분하여 설문지를 구성하였고, 설문의 결과 값은 계량적 통계분석의 절차를 통해 산출하고 결과분석을 종합하여 ‘건축물의 정체성 미반영’, ‘접근성에 적합하지 않은 공간 활용’, ‘인근지역과의 연계 부족’, ‘시대 변화에 적합한 공간 이용의 필요성’, ‘보행중심의 출입구 및 편중된 물류 공간의 이용행태’, ‘차량 중심의 공간으로서 쾌적하지 못한 환경’, ‘단편적인 저층부 필로티 공간의 역할’, ‘원활하지 못한 도시적 흐름과 상가 공간’으로써 낙원상가와 서울 도심의 필로티 공간에 관한 8개의 쟁점을 추출하였다. 본 연구의 결론을 바탕으로 낙원상가와 주변 지역을 포함한 서울 도심지의 전반적인 발전을 도모할 수 있는 낙원상가 저층부 필로티 공간의 개선방안을 고안하여 ‘낙원상가 저층부 남북(South-North)축의 보행자전용가로’, ‘동서(East-West)축의 보행광장’, ‘상층부(2층)의 실내공개공지’, ‘보행 흐름의 도시적 확산’으로써 정리하였다. 도시적 관점으로 필로티 건축을 통해 서울 도심의 활성화를 위한 낙원상가 보전 및 활용방안 구축의 이론적 배경이 된다는 점에서 본 연구의 의의가 있다. 그러나 낙원상가 저층부 필로티 공간과 악기상가의 한정된 연구범위가 본 연구의 한계이다. 따라서 필로티 공간을 중심으로 낙원상가의 전체 영역 및 주변 지역을 포괄한 후속 연구가 진행되어 일반화의 측면에서 서울 도심에 적합한 필로티 건축을 정의해야할 필요가 있다. |Urban area of the metropolis like 'Seoul' is demanding the space which can accommodate multiple applications to meet a wide range of supply and demand, the buildings is developed as vertical form focused on three-dimensional and mixed-use. The value of three-dimensional and mixed-use building is formed by the relationship and linkage system of the site which the building is located. In this aspect buildings in urban area are containing 'Pilotis' means the space which is constructed by pillars only without rooms. The representative building with pilotis in urban area of Seoul is Nak-won shopping center which is the first generation of mixed-use building in Korea. Because of the time, Nak-won shopping center has outdated image even though the ongoing maintenance and management. At the same time, the large area of Pilotis is not a good space of communication due to the influence by vehicle such as parking lots and extension of roads named ‘Sam-il-ro'. Moreover the adjacent area and pedestrian environment are poor also. Therefore this study suggests the direction of the architecture by pilotis in Seoul and architectural solution for social problems through analyzing the current status of pilotis space in the lower part of Nak-won shopping center. Through literature research and field investigation understanding the lower part of Nak-won shopping center and described the architectural references which are possible to doing comparative analysis with the space of pilotis. In company with the theoretical background, Workers(124people) and Visitors(68people) were set to sample of the question investigation for the current status of pilotis space substantially. Based on the results of the theoretical analysis, the questionnaires were configured by total eight different topics which are 'General', 'Accessibility', 'Connectivity', 'Commercial Space', 'Circulation', 'Environment', 'Architecture', and 'City'. The questionnaire results are calculated by statistical procedures, extracted eight issues, which were 'No reflected the identity of the building', 'Space application without reflecting accessibility', 'Lack of linkages with neighboring regions', 'Necessity of space application appropriated by time changing', 'The entrances focused on walking and Biased distribution space', 'No good environment due to vehicle', 'Fragmentary role of the pilotis space', and 'No good urban flows and commercial space', about pilotis space of Nak-won shopping center and urban area of Seoul. Based on the conclusions of this study, devised the improvement of pilotis space in the lower part of Nak-won shopping center for architectural and urban development. The improvement is contained 'Pedestrian street of the south-north axis in the lower level of Nak-won shopping center', 'Pedestrian plaza of the east-west axis in the lower level of Nak-won shopping center', Indoor public space of the upper level(2nd floor) in the lower level of Nak-won shopping center', and 'Diffusion of the urban pedestrian flows'. This study is significant in a theoretical background of the conservation and utilization of Nak-won shopping center for the activation in urban area of Seoul through pilotis architecture. However the limitation of this study is restricted scope of research as the pilotis space in the lower part and the commercial space for instrument shops of Nak-won shopping center. Therefore, through the future studies which are covered the entire area of Nak-won shopping center with neighboring regions, it is necessary to define a suitable form of pilotis architecture in urban area of Seoul.; Urban area of the metropolis like 'Seoul' is demanding the space which can accommodate multiple applications to meet a wide range of supply and demand, the buildings is developed as vertical form focused on three-dimensional and mixed-use. The value of three-dimensional and mixed-use building is formed by the relationship and linkage system of the site which the building is located. In this aspect buildings in urban area are containing 'Pilotis' means the space which is constructed by pillars only without rooms. The representative building with pilotis in urban area of Seoul is Nak-won shopping center which is the first generation of mixed-use building in Korea. Because of the time, Nak-won shopping center has outdated image even though the ongoing maintenance and management. At the same time, the large area of Pilotis is not a good space of communication due to the influence by vehicle such as parking lots and extension of roads named ‘Sam-il-ro'. Moreover the adjacent area and pedestrian environment are poor also. Therefore this study suggests the direction of the architecture by pilotis in Seoul and architectural solution for social problems through analyzing the current status of pilotis space in the lower part of Nak-won shopping center. Through literature research and field investigation understanding the lower part of Nak-won shopping center and described the architectural references which are possible to doing comparative analysis with the space of pilotis. In company with the theoretical background, Workers(124people) and Visitors(68people) were set to sample of the question investigation for the current status of pilotis space substantially. Based on the results of the theoretical analysis, the questionnaires were configured by total eight different topics which are 'General', 'Accessibility', 'Connectivity', 'Commercial Space', 'Circulation', 'Environment', 'Architecture', and 'City'. The questionnaire results are calculated by statistical procedures, extracted eight issues, which were 'No reflected the identity of the building', 'Space application without reflecting accessibility', 'Lack of linkages with neighboring regions', 'Necessity of space application appropriated by time changing', 'The entrances focused on walking and Biased distribution space', 'No good environment due to vehicle', 'Fragmentary role of the pilotis space', and 'No good urban flows and commercial space', about pilotis space of Nak-won shopping center and urban area of Seoul. Based on the conclusions of this study, devised the improvement of pilotis space in the lower part of Nak-won shopping center for architectural and urban development. The improvement is contained 'Pedestrian street of the south-north axis in the lower level of Nak-won shopping center', 'Pedestrian plaza of the east-west axis in the lower level of Nak-won shopping center', Indoor public space of the upper level(2nd floor) in the lower level of Nak-won shopping center', and 'Diffusion of the urban pedestrian flows'. This study is significant in a theoretical background of the conservation and utilization of Nak-won shopping center for the activation in urban area of Seoul through pilotis architecture. However the limitation of this study is restricted scope of research as the pilotis space in the lower part and the commercial space for instrument shops of Nak-won shopping center. Therefore, through the future studies which are covered the entire area of Nak-won shopping center with neighboring regions, it is necessary to define a suitable form of pilotis architecture in urban area of Seoul.