감각적이미지가 장소의 정체성에 미치는 영향 분석

Abstract

도시는 오감을 활용해야 이해할 수 있다는 연구들이 많이 존재함에도 불구하고 현대의 도시연구는 주로 시각적인 측면으로 연구가 이루어져 왔기 때문에 시각뿐만이 아닌 다른 감각들이 장소의 정체성에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 실증분석하기위해 연구를 진행하였다. 촉각과 미각은 직접적으로 닿아야 인지할 수 있기 때문에 두 감각을 제외한 시각, 청각, 후각을 연구에 활용할 감각으로 정하고 이 감각들을 함께 느낄 수 있는 가로를 공간적범위로 설정하였다. 이론고찰을 통하여 감각적이미지의 정의인 ‘한 가지 또는 그 이상의 감각의 종류에 의해 구축된 이미지‘와 장소의 정체성의 영향관계를 알아보려고 하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이기 때문에 감각적이미지를 독립변수로 정하였고, 감각기관을 통해 수용된 감각정보를 처리하여 지각의 마지막 과정인 평가과정을 거쳐 답할 수 있는 형용사를 독립변수의 측정변수로 설정하였다. 장소의 개념을 형성하는데는 많은 용어들이 있는데 그 중 장소감이 감각적이미지로 형성되는 장소의 개념이라고 판단하여 장소감을 독립변수의 상위개념으로 정의하였다. 시각, 청각, 후각적이미지는 장소와 관계가 있음을 확인하여 인적특성에 따라 감각적이미지를 지각하고 인지하는 능력이 각각 다르다는 것도 확인하였다. 연구의 차별성은 시각적이미지와 장소를 연구한 선행연구들과는 다르게 청각적이미지나 후각적이미지도 장소의 정체성을 형성하는데 영향을 미친다는 가설을 실증분석하는데 있고 하나의 감각과 도시공간을 연구하던 기존의 연구들과 다르게 여러 감각을 함께 연구하여 각 감각이 가로의 정체성에 미치는 영향관계를 분석하는데 있다. 선행연구의 분석모형을 통해 독립변수의 상위개념인 장소감과 영향관계가 있는 장소의 정체성을 종속변수로 설정하고 순서형 로지스틱회귀분석을 진행하였다. 독립변수의 측정변수는 형용사연구와 기존의 도시관련연구에서 활용되었던 표현어로 구축해나갔고 종속변수의 측정변수는 선행연구와 표준대국어사전의 정체성의 의미를 통해 설정하였다. 대상지는 선행연구를 검토하여 해석에 용이한 대학로지구로 선정하였고 설문은 선행연구를 토대로 작성하였고 감각적이미지 형용사는 형용사측정법으로, 정체성은 카드분류법으로 7점 리커트척도조사를 실시하였다. 대학로지구의 가로를 네 가지로 유형화하여 각 유형별 대표가로를 설정하였고 현장에서 설문조사를 실시하였다. 설문한 자료를 토대로 기초통계분석을 실시하여 가로별 차이가 있음을 확인하였고 감각적이미지의 가로별 차이검정을 통해 통계적으로도 차이가 있음을 확인하였다. 그 후, 감각적이미지를 단순화하기 위해 가로별 요인분석을 실행하여 각 가로의 시각, 청각, 후각적이미지의 요인을 분류하였다. 인적특성을 설정하여 군집분석을 진행하였고 각 가로별로 3개에서 4개의 집단들이 형성되었다. 집단 간 감각적이미지의 판단의 차이를 검증하기 위해 다변량분산분석을 실행했고 집단 간의 차이는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 감각적이미지가 가로의 정체성에 영향을 미치는지 확인하기 위해 가로별로 순서형 로지스틱회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과, 시각, 청각적이미지가 대명길의 정체성에 영향을 미쳤고 청각, 후각적이미지가 대학로12길의 정체성에 영향을 미쳤고 시각, 후각적이미지가 동숭길의 정체성에 영향을 미쳤고 시각, 청각, 후각적이미지가 대학로8길의 정체성에 영향을 미쳤다. 시각적이미지, 청각적이미지, 후각적이미지중 가로의 정체성에 영향을 미치지 않은 이미지가 가로별로 존재하였고 가로환경, 가로시설물, 자연환경, 음악, 사람에게서 나는 소리, 냄새의 근원이 되는 식음료 업종, 악취가 가로의 정체성과 유의미한 관계를 갖고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 대학로지구가 문화지구임에도 불구하고 공연문화에 관련된 시설들은 가로의 정체성에 적게 영향을 미치고 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 시각뿐만 아니라 청각과 후각도 가로의 정체성을 형성하는데 중요한 역할을 한다는 점을 실증하였다. 그리고 사람이 장소의 정체성을 형성하는데 긍정적인 영향을 미치기 때문에 사람이 모일 수 있는 장소를 만드는 것이 중요하고 음악소리와 식음료냄새도 장소의 정체성에 영향을 미치기 때문에 이를 고려한 도시정책, 계획, 설계가 필요함을 시사한다. 하지만 본 연구의 한계점은 연구에서 추측한 가로의 정체성에 영향을 미친 근원들을 정량적으로 실증할 필요성이 있고 같은 유형의 가로들을 더 연구하여 연구결과의 객관성을 확보해야한다. 그리고 본 연구에서는 인구통계학적 자료를 정규분포로 조사하지 않았고 시간대별 차이를 생략하였다.|According to previous researches, urban can be understand by five senses, but present researches that are related to urban space is focused on visual images. This research is started to verifying that the five senses except visual sense may affect to identity of place. Haptic and taste sense can be sensed when an object is directly touched. Therefore, the two senses are excluded from this study. Visual, auditory, olfactory senses have a range of cognition. By the information from precious research of the range, a street was decided as the spatial boundary of this study. Through previous researches, Sensory image is defined as ‘an established image by one or several senses.’ Verifying the relationship between the image and identity of place is the primal object of this study, so it was declared as the independent variable for this study. The sensory experience that received from receptors progresses to the perception process. At the end of perception process, the sensory experience is evaluated by the knowledge of person, who had experienced the sensation. Adjective can be the answer of the evaluation process, so it became the measurement of independent variable. There are many words to explaining a place. Among the words, the sense of place is the most related with sensory image, which is defined as an independent variable for this study. Therefore, sense of place is defined as a bigger concept of sensory image. There are researches that visual, auditory, olfactory images are related to place, and sensory image was differently perceived by demographic characteristic. Previous researches that related to this study is only concentrated on a sense or visual sense. This research is different as previous researches due to analyze a visual, auditory and olfactory image effects on identity of place in one research. Sense of place, which is consisted by sensory images, is related with place identity. The analysis model is settled with sensory image as independent variable and identity of place as dependent variable. Adjective that can evaluate by sensation was selected from previous urban related research and adjective research, and then the selected adjectives were verified by the definition and example from standard Korean dictionary. The dependent variable measurement was also decided from previous place identity researches. Research site is selected to Deahak-ro district because of quite amount of previous research, which can help to interpret the analysis of this study. Seven-point likertscale was used for identity of place surveying and sementic differential scale was used for surveying sensory images. Four street types in Daehak-ro district were defined, and then a street from each type was selected by site analysis. The surveying was practiced on the streets in real time. The surveyed data was analyzed to descriptive data. The data explained the difference among the streets. Chi-square test of sensory image on each street was statistically verified the difference among streets. Visual, auditory, olfactory images factor analysis was implemented on each street to simplify images. The factor analysis is practiced on each sense. To verify that personal character is differently perceived the sensory image, agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis was practiced. As a result, each street generated three to four clusters. MONAVA was implemented to find out that each cluster has a different perception of sensory image or not. There was statistically no difference perception among clusters. Through ordinal logistic regression, the effects between sensory image and identity of street were identified. The identity of Daemyung street was affacted by visual, auditory image. The identity of Daerakro 12 street was affected by auditory, olfactory image. The identity of Dongsung street was affected by visual, olfactory image. The identity of Daehakro 8 street was affected by visual, auditory, olfactory image. There was the street that visual, auditory, or olfactory image did not affect on identity of street. By the interpretation of analysis, the identity of street was affected by streetscape, street furniture, nature environment, music, sound from people, smell from restaurant or cafe, and stink. Daehak-ro district is designated as a culture district, but the facility that related with a theatre culture little affects on identity of street. This research defined that auditory and olfactory sense affects on identity of place. As a result, music and chat from people, and food business for people are important for identity of place. It means people are valuable for identity of place, so the place should be designed to gather people around, easily. Music sound and food, beverage smell was also affected on identity of place, so the factors can be considered when urban policy, planning, and design implements. The vision, sound, and smell that was referred is the speculation from descriptive data, so there should be further quantitative research to define that the identity of place is affected by the vision, sound and smell. Only a street from each type was researched. To secure objectivity, more streets from the types should be researched to compare with this study. Time difference of sensory image was not researched and personal character data was not normally distributed. These are the limitations of the study.; According to previous researches, urban can be understand by five senses, but present researches that are related to urban space is focused on visual images. This research is started to verifying that the five senses except visual sense may affect to identity of place. Haptic and taste sense can be sensed when an object is directly touched. Therefore, the two senses are excluded from this study. Visual, auditory, olfactory senses have a range of cognition. By the information from precious research of the range, a street was decided as the spatial boundary of this study. Through previous researches, Sensory image is defined as ‘an established image by one or several senses.’ Verifying the relationship between the image and identity of place is the primal object of this study, so it was declared as the independent variable for this study. The sensory experience that received from receptors progresses to the perception process. At the end of perception process, the sensory experience is evaluated by the knowledge of person, who had experienced the sensation. Adjective can be the answer of the evaluation process, so it became the measurement of independent variable. There are many words to explaining a place. Among the words, the sense of place is the most related with sensory image, which is defined as an independent variable for this study. Therefore, sense of place is defined as a bigger concept of sensory image. There are researches that visual, auditory, olfactory images are related to place, and sensory image was differently perceived by demographic characteristic. Previous researches that related to this study is only concentrated on a sense or visual sense. This research is different as previous researches due to analyze a visual, auditory and olfactory image effects on identity of place in one research. Sense of place, which is consisted by sensory images, is related with place identity. The analysis model is settled with sensory image as independent variable and identity of place as dependent variable. Adjective that can evaluate by sensation was selected from previous urban related research and adjective research, and then the selected adjectives were verified by the definition and example from standard Korean dictionary. The dependent variable measurement was also decided from previous place identity researches. Research site is selected to Deahak-ro district because of quite amount of previous research, which can help to interpret the analysis of this study. Seven-point likertscale was used for identity of place surveying and sementic differential scale was used for surveying sensory images. Four street types in Daehak-ro district were defined, and then a street from each type was selected by site analysis. The surveying was practiced on the streets in real time. The surveyed data was analyzed to descriptive data. The data explained the difference among the streets. Chi-square test of sensory image on each street was statistically verified the difference among streets. Visual, auditory, olfactory images factor analysis was implemented on each street to simplify images. The factor analysis is practiced on each sense. To verify that personal character is differently perceived the sensory image, agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis was practiced. As a result, each street generated three to four clusters. MONAVA was implemented to find out that each cluster has a different perception of sensory image or not. There was statistically no difference perception among clusters. Through ordinal logistic regression, the effects between sensory image and identity of street were identified. The identity of Daemyung street was affacted by visual, auditory image. The identity of Daerakro 12 street was affected by auditory, olfactory image. The identity of Dongsung street was affected by visual, olfactory image. The identity of Daehakro 8 street was affected by visual, auditory, olfactory image. There was the street that visual, auditory, or olfactory image did not affect on identity of street. By the interpretation of analysis, the identity of street was affected by streetscape, street furniture, nature environment, music, sound from people, smell from restaurant or cafe, and stink. Daehak-ro district is designated as a culture district, but the facility that related with a theatre culture little affects on identity of street. This research defined that auditory and olfactory sense affects on identity of place. As a result, music and chat from people, and food business for people are important for identity of place. It means people are valuable for identity of place, so the place should be designed to gather people around, easily. Music sound and food, beverage smell was also affected on identity of place, so the factors can be considered when urban policy, planning, and design implements. The vision, sound, and smell that was referred is the speculation from descriptive data, so there should be further quantitative research to define that the identity of place is affected by the vision, sound and smell. Only a street from each type was researched. To secure objectivity, more streets from the types should be researched to compare with this study. Time difference of sensory image was not researched and personal character data was not normally distributed. These are the limitations of the study.