연극에 내재하는 치유적 원리에 관한 연구

Abstract

21세기에 접어들면서 전 세계적으로 거의 모든 학문 분야에 통합, 융합의 바람이 거세게 불고 있다. 의료현장도 예외는 아니어서 통합의학이 현대의학의 새로운 패러다임으로 떠오르며 각광 받고 있다. 세계적인 추세에 발맞춰 국내에서도 대학병원, 개인병원 등에서 통합의학센터가 개설되고 있다. 기존 ‘치료’ 개념의 확장을 의미하는 통합의학은 현대의학과 더불어 효과·안전성이 입증된 보완통합의학을 병행하는데, 전 세계적으로 보완통합의학에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 보완통합의학의 치료법에는 식이요법, 생약요법, 자연요법, 운동치료, 예술치료 등이 있으며, 예술치료 중 하나인 연극치료는 미술치료나 음악치료와 비교해 후발 주자에 속함에도 불구하고 확장세에 있다. 일례로 2008년 국내 최초로 통합의학센터를 개소한 고려대 안암병원을 비롯하여 병원 현장에서 연극을 치료에 활용하는 사례는 늘고 있다. 이러한 배경에도 불구하고 연극에 보내는 국내 의료계의 불신감은 여전한 실정이다. 심리치료, 인지치료, 언어치료, 행동치료, 작업치료, 감각통합치료 뿐만 아니라 미술치료, 음악치료와 같은 여타 예술치료와 비교해도 의료 현장에서 연극의 활용은 소극적인 수준에 머물러 있다. 본 연구는 이 같은 현실에 대한 문제제기에서 시작되었으며, 본 연구자는 연극치료의 활성화를 모색하고자 한다. 연극이 치유적인 활동으로 기능하기 위해 기존의 연극치료는 심리학이나 정신분석학에서 가져온 이론들에 기대어 왔다. 이 때문에 연극치료의 치유적인 근거가 마련되기는 했으나, 연극치료의 독자적인 정체성 확립은 어려움을 겪고 있다. 따라서 본 연구자는 연극이 치유 활동인 근거를 다름 아닌 ‘연극’ 자체에서 찾고자 하며, 연극에서 출발한 치유적 원리를 설명하기 위해 연극의 미적 개념들인 모방, 공감, 감정, 무의식에 관해 고찰하고자 한다. 각각의 개념들이 갖는 치유적 속성은 오늘날 사회 전반에 걸쳐 커다란 영향을 미치고 있는 ‘신경과학’의 연구 성과들을 통해 설명한다. 20세기 중후반 과학의 발달로 등장하게 된 인지과학이라는 과학적 패러다임의 변화는 인간에 대한 새로운 인식과 사고를 가능하게 했다. 인지과학적 연구에서 비롯된 신경과학을 통해 드러난 뇌 메커니즘은 인간에 대한 더 깊은 이해와 통찰을 가능하게 하고 있다. 학제적(學際的) 학문인 신경과학 연구가 타 학문 분야와 융합되면서 신경과학은 과학기술에만 영향을 주는 것이 아니라 사회과학, 인문학, 예술까지도 변화시키고 있다. 신경과학의 발전은 인간의 마음과 행동에 대한 새로운 이야기를 제공함으로써 예술에 새로운 도전과 기회를 주고 있다. 연극에 잠재되어 있는 치유적 원리와 가치를 논함에 있어 과학적 사실과 근거를 제시하는 것은 인간의 생각과 마음이 과거의 추상적이고 개념적인 이론에 의해서보다는 과학적 사실에 의해 보다 더 잘 이해되고 설명될 수 있기 때문이다. 연극을 만들고 보는 전 과정에 존재하는 치유적 원리는 최근 신경과학의 연구 성과들을 통해 가시화될 수 있다. 이로써 ‘연극’이라는 예술 형식과 창조성에 내재한 치유적 잠재력에 관한 좀 더 과학적인 설명이 가능해진다. 오늘날 다분야간의 학제적 융합 연구는 시대적 요구가 되었다. 본 연구자는 이질적인 분야로 인식되는 연극 미학과 신경과학을 연결지어 살펴봄으로써 연극만이 갖고 있는 고유한 치유적 원리와 과정을 규명하고자 한다. 본 연구가 연극이 태고부터 지녀온 치유적 속성과 가치를 인정받아 의료현장에서 치료를 위한 보조수단으로서가 아니라 ‘연극치료’라는 독립된 의료행위로서 적극적으로 활용되는 데 일조하게 되길 바란다.|In the 21st century, integration and convergence has become a worldwide trend in all disciplines including the medical field where integrative medicine has become a new paradigm in modern medicine. As a result, university hospitals and private hospitals in South Korea have set up integrative medical centers. Integrative medicine, which expands the conventional concept of ‘treatment’, uses both modern medicine and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) whose effect and safety has been proven and which is receiving attention in different parts of the world. Treatments in CAM include diet, crude drugs, naturopathy, therapeutic exercise, and art therapy, and, dramatherapy, which is a type of art therapy, is expanding its domain although it appeared later than art therapy or music therapy. For instance, an increasing number of hospitals including Korea University Anam Hopsital, which opened the first integrative medical center in Korea in 2008, are adopting dramatherapy. Nonetheless, the medical community in South Korea still shows distrust against it. Dramatherapy is still not actively utilized in the medical field, in comparison to other types of art therapy such as art and music therapy, as well as psychotherapy, cognitive therapy, speech-language therapy, behavioral therapy, occupational therapy, and sensory integration therapy. This study was conducted in response to this problem, and aimed to find a way to activate dramatherapy. Conventional dramatherapy has relied on psychological or psychoanalytical theories to ensure therapeutic functions. Although they provide therapeutic grounds for art therapy, it is difficult to establish an independent identity of dramatherapy. For that reason, I attempted to find therapeutic grounds of dramatherapy in 'drama' itself, and discuss aesthetic concepts of drama, such as imitation, empathy, emotion, and subconscious, in order to explain therapeutic principles of drama. These therapeutic attributes of different concepts were explained based on findings in neuroscience, which has significant influence in overall fields of today's society. Emerging as a new scientific paradigm in the mid to late 20th century as a result of scientific development, cognitive science led to new perception and ideas of humans. Brain mechanisms that were revealed by research on neuroscience and cognitive science provide better under standing of and insight into humans. Integration of neuroscience, which is an interdisciplinary field, with other disciplines has changed social science, humanities, and art, as well as science and technology. Development of neuroscience presents new opportunities and challenges for art, by providing new stories related to human mind and behaviors. In discussing therapeutic principles and values hidden in drama, scientific facts and grounds are presented because the human mind and ideas can be better explained by scientific facts than abstract and conceptual theories. The therapeutic principles that are found in the whole process of making and watching drama can be revealed based on findings in recent neuroscience research, which provides more scientific explanation on therapeutic potential of drama as an artistic genre and creativity of it. Today's society demands interdisciplinary research in different fields. I attempted to investigate therapeutic principles and processes unique to drama, by connecting aesthetics of drama and neuroscience, which are generally perceived as very different fields, in the hope that this study will contribute to more active use of dramatherapy as an independent medical practice.; In the 21st century, integration and convergence has become a worldwide trend in all disciplines including the medical field where integrative medicine has become a new paradigm in modern medicine. As a result, university hospitals and private hospitals in South Korea have set up integrative medical centers. Integrative medicine, which expands the conventional concept of ‘treatment’, uses both modern medicine and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) whose effect and safety has been proven and which is receiving attention in different parts of the world. Treatments in CAM include diet, crude drugs, naturopathy, therapeutic exercise, and art therapy, and, dramatherapy, which is a type of art therapy, is expanding its domain although it appeared later than art therapy or music therapy. For instance, an increasing number of hospitals including Korea University Anam Hopsital, which opened the first integrative medical center in Korea in 2008, are adopting dramatherapy. Nonetheless, the medical community in South Korea still shows distrust against it. Dramatherapy is still not actively utilized in the medical field, in comparison to other types of art therapy such as art and music therapy, as well as psychotherapy, cognitive therapy, speech-language therapy, behavioral therapy, occupational therapy, and sensory integration therapy. This study was conducted in response to this problem, and aimed to find a way to activate dramatherapy. Conventional dramatherapy has relied on psychological or psychoanalytical theories to ensure therapeutic functions. Although they provide therapeutic grounds for art therapy, it is difficult to establish an independent identity of dramatherapy. For that reason, I attempted to find therapeutic grounds of dramatherapy in 'drama' itself, and discuss aesthetic concepts of drama, such as imitation, empathy, emotion, and subconscious, in order to explain therapeutic principles of drama. These therapeutic attributes of different concepts were explained based on findings in neuroscience, which has significant influence in overall fields of today's society. Emerging as a new scientific paradigm in the mid to late 20th century as a result of scientific development, cognitive science led to new perception and ideas of humans. Brain mechanisms that were revealed by research on neuroscience and cognitive science provide better under standing of and insight into humans. Integration of neuroscience, which is an interdisciplinary field, with other disciplines has changed social science, humanities, and art, as well as science and technology. Development of neuroscience presents new opportunities and challenges for art, by providing new stories related to human mind and behaviors. In discussing therapeutic principles and values hidden in drama, scientific facts and grounds are presented because the human mind and ideas can be better explained by scientific facts than abstract and conceptual theories. The therapeutic principles that are found in the whole process of making and watching drama can be revealed based on findings in recent neuroscience research, which provides more scientific explanation on therapeutic potential of drama as an artistic genre and creativity of it. Today's society demands interdisciplinary research in different fields. I attempted to investigate therapeutic principles and processes unique to drama, by connecting aesthetics of drama and neuroscience, which are generally perceived as very different fields, in the hope that this study will contribute to more active use of dramatherapy as an independent medical practice.