선거의 비례성과 내각 안정성에 대한 고찰: 프랑스의 상하원 및 지방 선거제도를 중심으로

Abstract

다수제와 비례제에 대한 선택은 의회구성의 비례성과 내각의 안정성 중 어느 것을 우선시하는 가와 직결된다. 프랑스는 다른 유럽 국가와 달리 이원집정부제와 다수제를 채택해 우선시한다. 그러나 프랑스에서도 다수제의 비비례성 완화를 위한 비례제 도입에 대한 논의가 지속되었다. 본 연구는 안정성을 위해 다수제를 선택한 프랑스가 비례성을 보완하기 위해 시도한 논의와 정책을 살펴보는 데 목적을 둔다. 첫째, 프랑스는 제5공화국에서 하원선거에 비례제를 한 차례 시도한 바 있으며, 다수제로 회귀한 후에도 비례제의 부분적 도입에 대해 지속적으로 논의를 진행했다. 둘째, 상원선거와 지방 선거를 혼합제로 운영하고, 최근 비례제를 강화함으로써 비례성을 보완하고자 했다. 2014년 상원선거와 시의회선거 분석 결과는 이와 같은 프랑스의 안정성 중시 경향과 비례성 보완 의도를 반증한다. An electoral system adopted by one country, e.g. a majority or a proportional representation, shows that a country gives a priority to electoral proportionality or political stability. France is founded on the semi-presidentialism and majority system while the most of the Western European countries are built in the parliamentarism and the proportional representation. By the way, France put efforts into the introduction and reinforcement of proportional representation, seeing the fundamental flaws of majority system. This paper has a objective to observe the attempts and decisions made by France to compensate for the weakness of majority representation. As for the French legislative election, the proportional representation system was once applied in 1986. After returning to majority system two years later, several discussions over introduction of mixed electoral system were taken place until 2015. The implementation of proportional representation as a part of the mixed electoral system in Senate and local elections proved the efforts of France to minimize the side effect of majority system. This paper have an objective to observer the measures of France. First, France implemented in 1986 legislative election with proportional system. After reintroduction of majority system, the discussions were organized to compensate majority system of legislative election. Second, further measures were applied to Senate and local elections by intensification of proportional system in these elections. I anaylyzed Senatel and local elections in 2014 which demonstrate the initiatives of France.In consequence of consecutive reinforcement of proportional system, 27% of members of the Senate and 73% of members selected by municipal election were elected by proportional representation system. The French politics to intensify the mixed electoral system in Senate and local elections seem to a unique way to control improportionality of majority system, still maintaining the political stability by virtue of majority system.